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| An acre of surface area, 6" deep. This is the depth of older plows. 2 million lbs of soil (when soil density is 90 lbs/sq. ft.). |
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| A liquid form of P fertilizer that is less concentrated than MAP. |
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| There is a layer of gravel under the soil. It does well during wet summers. |
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| Should be above 1.0. A "sugar-mover", helps move sugars from leaves to flowers to develop pods and seeds. |
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| A disease which affects soybeans. Interveinal necrosis, giving a Paisley appearance. Beginning to see varieties with good field tolerance. |
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Cation Exchange Capacity
If less than 10, it is a sandy soil. |
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| Chicago Board of Trade (CBOT) |
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| Determines the spot price for soybeans. Less or above the basis, including transportation costs to major markets, and adjustments for Canadian vs. US dollars. |
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| Should be above 2.3. Soybeans don't respond well to Cu. Wheat needs copper. Cu inhibits lodging. |
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| A pesticide which controls for spider mites. |
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| A herbicide to which some soybeans will soon be tolerant. |
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| The grower "plays" the futures market, watching fluctuations in prices and attempts, with grain brokers, to forward sell a part of anticipated crops for top prices. |
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| A management factor in soybeans. Modern combines are very good at harvesting soybeans, even when pods are low; the flexible, floating cutterbar has sensors that allow it to follow the contour of the field and maintain a 2.5 cm stubble height. Usually harvested in October, early enough that winter wheat can be planted before winter. Very little stover is left; no-till drilling of wheat is easy. |
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| Should be 0, unless it is an acidic soil. |
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| The grower certifies and documents the variety and growing conditions under which soybeans were grown. Used for organic soybeans. |
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| Should be above 24, or above 35. |
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Glufosinate
A herbicide to which some soybeans are tolerant. |
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| Should be 15. Fixed by applying dolomitic limestone, even if pH is above 7.0. |
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Mono-Ammonium Phosphate
A P fertilizer that is more concentrated than Alpine 6-24-6. |
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| A management factor in soybeans. Soybeans can be stored on-farm and delivered later. They can go to the elevator where they are sold or put into storage for sale at a later time. May be grown under contract for specialty or food-grade markets, or in Identity Preserved, forward selling, or speculating on grain future markets. |
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| Adding N to soybeans makes the rhizobia "lazy". Soybeans lodge, and don't yield as well. |
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| OMAFRA publication 75, Guide to Weed Control |
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| Up-to-date detailes on weed control, surfactants, weeds, time required from application to maturity, and rates. |
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| OMAFRA publication 811, Agronomy Guide for Field Crops |
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| Table 4-14 shows P readings and the amount of P fertilizers needed. Based on years of experimentation based on economic returns, rather than adding back replacement values of what the crop will remove from the field. This is a short-term solution: soil fertility will go down. |
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| Times the OM percentage by 10 to get an approximation of how much N, in lbs/ac, is added from mineralization of the soil. |
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| Grown with no commercial fertilizers, no GMO varieties, no pesticides, and on a certified organic farm. |
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| A management factor in soybeans. The sodium bicarbonate phosphorus soil test is used for soils with a pH above 7.0 P ppm. Less than 9 is low, indicating tie-up from aluminium. Liquid fertilizers like Alpine 6-24-6 are less concentrated than MAP. Add in bands to increase plant stands. 60 lbs/ac in the band yields 12% more than adding the same amount with the seed. |
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| Root rot. A disease which affects soybeans. Mainly a disease of clay or poorly drained soils. There are many races, so breeding for resistance is a constant development. Most races can be controlled wit selectio of appropriate varieties. Symptoms are discoloured and rotted plants, a brown colour in the root system, brick red to brown discolouration of hte outside of the plant, extending up to 4" above the soil surface. |
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| Early planting gives yield responses in most years, but increases risk of frost damage. Delayed planting will reduce yields. Rule of thumb: if soil temperature is above 10ยบ C, and corn is finished planting, plant soybeans. |
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| Should be 1.5". Plant into moist soil, but before a rain if you have to. Most mistakes are from planting too shallow. Varietis differ in their ability to come up from depths. Soybeans will die if they run out of water within 18 hours of imbibition. |
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| The CEC should be at least 2% K for good yields, but less than 3%. Adidng KCl to the seed-row burns the radicle and sucks water from osmosis. Adding K with the seed dramatically decreases stands. Higher rates reduce plant height and yield, and increase oil content but reduce protein content. K fertilizers are added in dry bands using corn planter equipment, or as a liquid blend. |
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| Often mixed with Roundup to combat Roundup resistant weeds. |
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| Produced 68 bu/ac yield of soybeans. The soil is 6.4% organic matter. A no-till operation. |
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Glyphosate
Sprayed after the first flush of weeds has emerged. Early weed growth has no effect on yield. Second spray is only necessary if weeds come back. There are Roundup resistant weeds. |
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| Soybeans resistant to Roundup. |
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| Plant 15" rows with 2 gangs of 4 planters, each 30" apart. |
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White mould
A disease which affects soybeans. Usually occurs under wet and humid conditions, conditions that promote high yield. Fruiting bodies fall to the ground and germinate on petal tissue. The disease is not present until after flower drop begins. Stems and immature plants rot and die. Cottony white mycelial growth on diseased areas, and black, irregular shaped sclortia. There are some tolerant varieties. Combat with wider rows, lower seeding rates, no-till, and rotations with corn/cereals. |
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| Can plant fewer if planted early; it fills in later. Usually 175,000 plants/ac. Rates are higher with a later planting date, up to 200,000 plants/ac. Measure by number of seeds, not weight of seeds. 75% of seeds will mature. |
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| Should be as low as possible. |
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| Hard rain causes the soil to compact and crust, especially in clay or silt soils. The plant has difficulty coming up. Break the crust with a rotary hoe, coulter caddy, or planter. |
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| A pest in soybeans. Not a problem with high-yielding fields. Some geographic areas are simply higher in aphids. They want sugar, and high-yielding soybeans have less of the sugar they want. Ladybugs are an early sign of aphids. |
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| Soybean cyst nematode (SCN) |
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| A pest in soybeans. Can drastically reduce yields. Microscopic worms that live in cysts on the roots, which look similar to nodes. Moved across Ontario in the last 15 years. Syngenta released some SCN resistant varieties. |
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| A pest in soybeans. Develops on leaves in dry years. Usually worst around the outside of the fields. Suck the juices from leaves and reduce yields. Controlled with Cygon. |
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| The price at the elevator. Based on the price of soybeans at the CBOT. There are deductions for the Grain Farmers of Ontario, who provide services such as market information, and negotiation with buyers. |
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| Soybeans are harvested at 14% moisture or slighly above. Can be combined at 18% moisture, but will spoil if the bin moisture is too high. At 12% moisture or lower, tehy are too dry to combine. It is possible to lower moisture by blowing air through the steel bin with fans, sometimes with heating. |
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| Sudden death syndrome (SDS) |
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| A disease which affects soybeans. Interveinal necrosis, giving a Paisley appearance. Beginning to see varieties with good field tolerance. |
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| Soluble. Should be above 12. |
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| Part of sustainability is making money. |
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| Released some soybean varieties resistant to SCN. |
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| Should be 3.5, but soybeans have low Zn requirements. Corn has high Zn requirements. Zn is often found near the barn. |
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