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Pro & Chapter 1
Pro & Chapter 1
44
Physiology
12th Grade
08/27/2012

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Term
Psychology
Definition
The scientific study of behavior and mental processes
Term
Empiricism
Definition
The view that (a) knowledge comes from experience via the senses, and (b) science flourishes through observation and experiment
Term
Structuralism
Definition
An early school of psychology that used introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind
Term
Functionalism
Definition
A school of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function – how they enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
Term
Humanistic Psychology
Definition
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people; used personalized methods to study personality in hopes of fostering personal growth
Term
Nature-Nurture Issue
Definition
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experience make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
The principle that, among the range of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
Term
Levels of Analysis
Definition
The differing complementary views, from biological to psychological to social-cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Term
Biopsychosocial Approach
Definition
An integrated perspective that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis
Term
Basic Research
Definition
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Term
Applied Research
Definition
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Term
Counseling Psychology
Definition
Branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well-being
Term
Clinical Psychology
Definition
Branch of psychology that studies, assesses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Term
Psychiatry
Definition
Branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; practiced by physicians who sometimes provide medical treatments as well as psychological therapy
Term
Hindsight bias
Definition
The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it
Term
Critical thinking
Definition
Thinking that does not blindly accept arguments and conclusions
Term
Theory
Definition
Explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts observations
Term
Hypothesis
Definition
Testable prediction
Term
Operational definition
Definition
Statement of the procedures used to define research variables
Term
Replication
Definition
Repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in different situations
Term
Case study
Definition
Observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles
Term
Survey
Definition
Technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of people
Term
False consensus effect
Definition
Tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors
Term
Population
Definition
All the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study
Term
Random Sample
Definition
A sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion
Term
Naturalistic Observation
Definition
Observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation
Term
Correlation
Definition
A measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well either factor predicts the other
Term
Scatterplot
Definition
Graphed cluster of dots
Term
Illusory correlation
Definition
Perception of a relationship where none exists
Term
Experiment
Definition
Research method in which an investigator manipulates one or more factors to observe the effect on some behavior or mental process
Term
Double-blind Procedure
Definition
Experimental procedure in which both the research participants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the treatment or a placebo
Term
Placebo effect
Definition
Experimental results caused by expectations alone
Term
Experimental condition
Definition
Condition of an experiment that exposes participants to the treatment
Term
Control Condition
Definition
Condition of an experiment that contrasts with the experimental condition and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment
Term
Random Assignment
Definition
Assigning participants to experimental and control conditions by chance
Term
Independent variable
Definition
Experimental factor that is manipulated
Term
Dependent variable
Definition
The outcome factor
Term
mode
Definition
The most frequently occurring score(s) in a distribution
Term
mean
Definition
Arithmetic average of a distribution
Term
median
Definition
The middle score in a distribution
Term
range
Definition
The difference between the highest and lowest scores in a distribution
Term
standard deviation
Definition
Computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score
Term
statistical significance
Definition
Statistical statement of how likely it is that an obtained result occurred by chance
Term
Culture
Definition
Enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next
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