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| (1760 - 1795) 1st to implant/use selective breeding. Used to genetically improve cattle |
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| the Father of Genetics; Created the Punnet square and basic laws of heredity |
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| Created test to determine butterfat composition for milk; method still used till this day |
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| Patented condensed milk in 1856; created new outlet to sell milk |
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| invented centrifugal cream separator in 1871; changed how milk was qualified - by milk fat - (Accurate measure of milk fat did not come about intil the Babcock test, though) |
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| 1862: federal government agrees to fund the creation of an agricultural college in every state |
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| 1941: established an extension service at each land grant university - Provided a mroe direct means of passing on new research ideas to dairy farmers, milk processors, and consumers. Also allowed those too far away from the university to still get an education. |
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| created experimental stations in each state and provided money for research on dairy cattle production and milk processing |
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| any disease that can be transferred from an animal to a human. |
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| Top five dairy producing states |
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Definition
| CA, WI, NY, MN, PN, MI, OH, TX |
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| Leading States in Milk Production per Cow |
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Definition
CA (with california producing about 21,000 lbs of milk per cow)
AZ
WA
CO
NM |
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| Records of Milk production per cow |
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Definition
Muranda Oscar Lucinda - from WI, held world record for a while at 67,914 lbs
Rendal Superstar - From S. Africa; 245 lbs per day (milked four times) ~ (at that rate, which is high, she would have produced about 89,425 lbs of milk per year) |
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Definition
the fourth most popular breed in the US:
- From the Swiss mountains (NOT the only one...)
- Oldest of the dairy breeds; date back to 4,000 BCE
- Excellent grazing ability;
- Meat is okay for veal and beef
- Large amounts of milk with high milk fat and solids %
- Light to Dark Brown
- Estrus a little later than in other breeds |
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Definition
The most popular dairy cow breed in US; also the most prevalent - account for 90-95% of dairy cows in the US:
- From the Netherlands (Holland specifically)
- Okay grazing ability
- Large volumes of milk
- Low butterfat in milk (not great for cheese or butter) {that is direct from the study guide, in the book, it doesn't say either way, but does note that holstein milk was used for cheese so, I would go with that)
- 8.8 million in the US
- Black & White and Red & White
- Good for meat
- Should be able to see their hip bones |
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Definition
- Second most popular dairy breed
- From the island of Jersey, near Guernsey (between France and England)
- Not great grazing ability
- Smallest and most refined
- Butter was the major product - highest butterfat, highest protein
- Fawn color
- Undesirable for beef or veal
- known for breed uniformity |
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Definition
- the fifth most prominent diary breed in america
- From Scotland
- Excellent grazing ability
- Red & White and Mahogany $ White
- Fair for meat, but not great.
- Beefy appearance |
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Definition
- From the Isle of Guernsey (which means its close the Jersey, so their should be some similarities between this breed and the jersey breed...)
- Not great grazers
- Fawn and White
- Poor Meat
* Deep yellowcolor to their milk (from the high carotene content)
- basically means that this breed does not convert the Vit A precursor before we get to the milk
- High milk fat and solids content |
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Definition
The science of genes, hereditary and variation
For the course remember: Phenotype = 80% Environment and 20% Genetics |
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| All external factors effecting an organism; i.e. the nonliving variables |
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The first milk, provides the initial factors of the immune system:
immunoglobulins (proteins from the immune system)
Fat
minerals
Vitamins
- Can be frozen and reheated for later use
Very, VERY important to get this to the calf within an hour of birth, the sooner the better. Calf should stay on colostrum for the first 2-3 days of life, with about 4 pounds on the first day. |
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Definition
Immunoglobulin G; found in colostrum
IgG binds to many kinds of pathogens and removes them, like viruses, bacteria and fungi |
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| A young female cow for breeding |
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Term
Breeding Weight and Age
**** I guarantee you that at least one of these will be on the test. **** |
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Definition
Holstein and Brown Swiss = 750 lbs
Ayrshire = 600 lbs
Guernsey = 550 lbs
Jersey = 500 lbs |
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Definition
Cow within 2-3 months of calving Its udder is springing with milk.
It is appropriate to change the diet 2-3 months before birth with a pasture hay combo, this is also known as the dry period. It is best to use challenge feeding; the added weight will support her during her first months of lactation and prevent ketosis |
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| In the US, refers to a young bull, in other areas, also refers to an older steer |
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| Period when the cow is producing and releasing milk, ideally, last for 305 days with 2 milkings a day |
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| Any other time when the cow is not being milked, ideally, lasts for 60 days |
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Definition
Used by all dairy breed associations for descriptions of dairy type. Broken down into five main divisions:
Frame - rump, stature, front end, and back - 15 pts
Dairy Character - Angular body with a lack of beefiness; lean body means feed will convert to milk instead of fat - 15 pts
Udder - moderate udder depth, adequate capacity and clearance, teats squarely places and hang plump, good cleft - 40 pts
Feet and Legs - straight and wide apart with squared feet - 15 pts
Body Capacity - smoothness and openness are evidence of milking ability. Large heart girth is good for milking - 10 pts |
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Definition
Each dairy breed has its ideal, chosen by veterans of the industry and drawn out by an artist (the ideal cow does not exist)
All contestant cows are ranked against this ideal |
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| Body Conditioning Scoring |
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Definition
| A Score of 1-5, with 1 being extremely skinny and a 5 being obese. Developed by Virgina Poly Tech. Used for comparisons to ideal for lactation |
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| Rules of Thumb in Feeding livestock |
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Definition
For dairy cattle:
- 3.5 % of body weight fed in dry matter
- 50% of dry matter should come from roughages
For Sheep (so Im gonna assume this goes for goats too):
- 1.5 - 2 times the diet required for maintenance, should be fed to nursing ewes at peak lactation
(Horses, pigs, and beef cattle are also included in the table on page 91) |
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Definition
AKA parturient paresis
A disease caused by a sudden deficiency of calcium, best treated by reducing the Ca levels in the feed, to force th body to produce hormones to absorb more Ca
During or shortly after calving, but seldom before the second calf
Symptoms include extreme weakness, wild eyes, and loss of consciousness |
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Definition
Condition where there are too many ketone bodies in the system:
Ketones are produced when there are not enough energy supplies, carbohydrates in particular, so the body goes to fat reserves for energy. Ketones are a by-product of the breakdown process.
- very commmon in sheep and lactating mothers
- Can be treated (with livestock) and prevented, by feeding molasses
AKA acetonemia (because the body smells like acetone) |
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Definition
| the most common form of NPN fed to ruminants to supplement the protein in their ration. No more than .1 to .25 lb/head/day. If fed properly, toxicity is uncommon |
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Definition
| The peak in dry matter intake occurs 10-14 weeks postpartum, based on lactation curves |
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Definition
| The peak in milk production occurs 4-8 weeks postpartum, with a slow-steady decline afterwards |
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Definition
Milk Urea Nitrogen: about 12-16 milligrams per deciliter are normal urea levels in milk. More, and there is too much protein and/or not enough rumen available energy. Less and DIP, UIP, and or energy levels are insufficient.
* High MUN = high BUN > abortion if pregnant |
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Definition
Another term for bloat: when there is nto enough erucitation to remove gas from the GIT. Can result in death due to pressure on the organs. In extreme cases, a trocar-cannula can be used t puncture the GIT and release the gas. can also be treated with a surfactant to break up the bubbles. Example surfactant: detergent
Often caused by high concentrate feeds |
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Definition
Common with food that does not require a lot of GIT peristalsis, such as high concentrates, silage and finely chopped feeds; the muscles are not working enough and start to loose there strength.
3 methods of treatment:
Parental Therapy - nutritional and physical, the cow is laid on its side and rolled to try and force the abdomasum back in place. has 25% success rate and costs $30
- Closed surgical Management (blind surgery)88% success, costs $100
- Abdominal surgical Movement=open surgery with 94% success, costs $200 |
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Definition
| Ruminal Parakeratosis is a disease of characterized by hardening and enlargement of the papillae of the rumen. It is common in animals fed a high-concentrate ration during the finishing period. It is also seen in cattle fed rations of heat-treated alfalfa pellets. Treated with zinc, which keeps the animals from being able to break down the feed. |
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Definition
| Lack of iron, often occurs in piglets, so supplements are fed |
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Definition
Another term for diarrhea. #1 killer of young. 10-12% die within the first 30 days.
Electrolyte therapy replaces lost fluid. Vit A and Vit D also help. Some antibiotics can also be effective. Giving colostrum and maintaining a clean pen is imperative. |
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Definition
The largest cause of death in feedlot lambs, particularly those feeding from heavily milking ewes. (bacteria in the lamb's digestive tract multiply too quickly - release a toxin that kills within hours.
Can be treated and vaccinated against
Symptoms: Sudden loss of appetite, staggering, convulsions, and death |
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Definition
| method of restraining large animals. Uses a rope to loop around the animal - the neck, close (BUT NOT ON) to the heart girth and around the loins - can move the animal from side to side |
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Definition
Caused by Se toxicity
Symptoms: Alopecia and weight issues |
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Definition
Symptoms:
Nervousness, twitching, rapid breathing, staggering, and falling
Cause: Mg deficiency
Treatment: Ca and Mg injections |
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Definition
AKA Lockjaw
Caused by Clostridium tetani a bacteria found in soil and horse manure
Best treated with consistent vaccinations
(Sheep are particularly predisposed) |
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Definition
Symptoms: Alopecia, deformation and shedding of hooves, emaciation, loss of vitaltiy, and erosion of joints
Cause: Se deficiency |
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| Nutritional Muscular Dystrophy |
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Definition
AKA Stiff Lamb Disease
AKA White Muscle Disease
Cause: Se and/or Vit E deficiency
Symptoms: Stiff rear legs or humped back; most common in lambs less than one month old.
Treatment: Prevention - feeding pregnant lambs Se |
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Definition
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related to Milk Fever (can help prevent)
Dietary cation-anion difference. Used to manipulate the ionic charge of minerals fed to cattle. |
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Definition
Plant that is toxic to cattle, found in West.
A major issue for the cattle industry |
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Definition
A plant poisonous to all livestock, sheep in particular.
Contains andromedotoxin
Noted for pink flowers
In the NW |
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Definition
| Common toxicity issue on the East Coast. Causes the swelling of hooves and lameness; can be treated by feeding in small amounts with legumes (build resistance) |
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AKA hyperkeratosis
A skin condition where the hide thickens, the animal loses hair, eyes water and develops scours; 75+% death rate.
No treatment
Cause: consumption of oil or grease products |
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Definition
| another name for hardware disease |
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#1 - Low milk production (26%)
#2 - Failure to reproduce (22%)
#3 - Chronic Health issues or injury (16%)
#4 - Mastitis (14%)
#5 - Dairy Purposes (9%)
#6 - Died (8%)
Also, disposition, type and milking qualitites |
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| Predicted Transmitting ability |
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Definition
The ability to guess what kind of offspring a particular mating will produce, based on genetics and stats.
Provides %fat, income, type, etc. |
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| Estimated Breeding Value (EBV) |
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Definition
| describes the realtive genetic worth of an animal calculated by evaluating an animals individual traits, growth rate, egg, meat, milk and wool production; number of offspring it will have and their worth |
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Definition
Born with one toe, mule foot
Genetic disorder; autosomal recessive
Holsteins |
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Term
| Rectrovaginal Constriction |
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Definition
| When its too tight to pas feces or a calf |
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Term
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Definition
A disorder in Holstein calves of 2-7 months of age.
Cause: WBCs lack the MAC-1 protein, so they cannot inter the blood vessels to fight off infectious disease |
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Definition
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abnormal transformation of cartilage to bone: front legs are usually bent out from the knees and hind legs show deformities. A disorder related to sheep, Suffolk and Hampshire breeds in particular.
Considered semilethal |
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Definition
| a group of alveoli in a grape-like cluster. In a lobe |
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Definition
| Fills, than goes to teat cistern |
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Definition
| Opening into the teat cistern that regulates how fast the milk flows. A nice balance is best, a compromise between vets and milkers |
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Definition
| Milk producing Hormone, comes from pituitary |
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Definition
| Causes the fatty part portion of the mammary gland and ducts to develop |
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Definition
| Causes the fatty part portion of the mammary gland and ducts to develop |
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Definition
| Causes alveolar tissue to produce |
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Definition
increased ability for the animal to take nutrients and make more meat and more milk with less feed.
They are species specific so they can't hurt us, but can cause issues in the animals
Example: Bovine Somatropin (10-20% more milk with only 5% more feed), not economical because it is an injection |
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Definition
| The milk let down hormone |
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Definition
| the fight or flight hormone, counteracts oxytocin |
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Definition
| the phase between vacuum and air in milking equipment. allows the mammary to relax to prevent blood from getting in. At pierce, the ratio was 60%Vacuum:40%Air |
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| what allows for the pulsation rate |
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Definition
| fits around the teat to help suck out milk |
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Definition
A large container for storing and cooling milk until it can be picked up by a milk hauler.
Usually stainless steel, must be cleaned after each collection |
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Definition
| The rubber part of the machine that actually makes contact with the teat, also the sight of inflation |
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Definition
| the cylindrical metal part of the teat cup |
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Definition
Inflammation of the udder
Acute - very obvious; the cow has a fever and the milk is clumpy
Subacute - not as obvious
Subclinical - Early stages in the disease where there are no outward symptoms
Clinical - later stages of the disease where symptoms are readily observable |
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Definition
California Mastitis Test
A subclinical test; mixes soap with milk, if it gels, Mastitis is present |
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Definition
| Somatic Cell Count, used to identify subclinical mastitis |
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Definition
from 1 - 10
For every point higher, the SCC is doubled |
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Definition
Type Production Index
Takes PTA and puts it into an index.
- HFA: Human Farming Association |
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Definition
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Term
| Streptococcus agalactiae and aureus |
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Definition
Both are common causes of mastitis; agalactiae is easier to treat though.
Both live on the outside of the body |
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Term
| TPR for cattle, both dairy and beef |
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Definition
Dairy:
Temp - 101.5
Pulse - 60
Resp - 20
Beef:
Temp - 101.00
Pulse - 50
Resp - 20 |
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Definition
Infectious venereal disease of cattle and sheep; caused by a bacterium
Symptoms include delayed fertility and spontaneous abortion
Can be vaccinated against |
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Definition
| Blood borne disease common in cattle and transferred by insects |
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Definition
the Abortion Virus
- spreads in Urine
- Rats are most |
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Definition
| Organism that causes the similar symptoms as leptospirosis |
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Definition
| Disorder caused from stress during the shipping process. |
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Definition
| Disorder caused from stress during the shipping process. |
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| An uncommon STD in livestock |
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Definition
Disease that requires a modified live vaccination, only by a specially licensed vet.
Must be done before the calf reaches 4 months.
The disease is zoonotic - can cause abortion and undulant fever similar to the flu.
Transmitted from drinking raw milk |
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Definition
National Research Council
Committee that creates suggestions for balancing rations |
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Definition
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Definition
AKA Circling Disease
Caused by bacterium Listeria monocytogenes
Affects both wildlife and domestics
Symptoms: Sever encephalitis, disorderd movement, paralysis, fever and monocytosis, (meningitis and sepsis in humans)
Common Carriers: lizards and rats
Zoonotic-transmitted in contaminated food |
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Definition
You know
(comes out int eh soil during good weather) |
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| affects horses, currently in CA |
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Definition
Breed of goat
both sexes have horns
From turkey
Make an average of 13 lbs of mohair per year
95% of american angoras are in TX |
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