Term
| What are two ways that NHPs are grouped taxonomically? |
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Definition
1. Suborders: Prosimii, Tarsoidea, Anthropoidea
2. Suborders: Strepsirrhini (wet nosed: lemurs, lorises, galagos), and Haplorrhini (dry nosed: tarsiers, monkeys, apes) |
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Term
| Which primates are considered prosimians? |
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Definition
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Term
| The aye aye is a type of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Lemurs come from _____ and are very endangered. What threatens their populations? |
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Definition
Madagascar
-mainly deforestation
-indigenous think some are bad luck (Aye Ayes)
-pet trade for cute ones |
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Term
| Prosimians are generally active during the ___, making them _____. What is the exception? |
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Definition
| Prosimians generally nocturnal, active at night. Except lemurs are diurnal (day) |
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Term
| Special features of the prosimian: |
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Definition
-moist nose joins with upper lip, which is attached to the gums
-limited facial expressions because of this
-dental comb = curved incisors/canines for grooming (except Aye Aye)
-claw on 2nd toe for grooming
-wide area on medial digit for gripping
-breeding season, not cycle |
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Term
| What animal may be the link between pre-primates and true primates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are New World monkeys are called? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Platyrrhines - broad nosed |
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Term
| What are Old World monkeys called? What does this mean? |
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Definition
| Catarrhines - narrow nosed |
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Term
| What primates need Vit D3 supplements? |
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Definition
| New World monkeys (Platyrrhines) |
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Term
| True primates are mostly (active when?) |
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Definition
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Term
| How many families of true primates exist? |
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Definition
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Term
| What family contains marmosets and tamarins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What callitrichid is most widely used in research? Give scientific and common names. For what sort of research is it used? |
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Definition
Common marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
-infectious Dz, behavior, reproduction |
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Term
| Scientific name for common marmoset: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for cotton-top tamarin: |
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Definition
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Term
| What sort of primate is known as an "organ grinder monkey"? |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for "monk cap" capuchin: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for squirrel monkey: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for rhesus monkey: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for crab-eating macaque: |
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Definition
| Macaca fascicularis (aka cynomolgus) |
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Term
| Scientific name for cynomolgus: |
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Definition
| Macaca fascicularis (aka crab-eating macaque) |
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Term
Scientific name for olive baboon:
Scientific name for yellow baboon: |
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Definition
Papio anubis
Papio cynocephalus |
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Term
| Scientific name for African green monkey: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for sooty mangabey: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for gorilla: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for orangutan: |
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Definition
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Term
| Scientific name for chimpanzee: |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 names for the family containing orangutans, gorillas, chimpanzees, and humans: |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 names for the family containing gibbons and siamangs: |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 names for the family containing macaques, baboons, guenons, and mangabeys: |
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Definition
Cercopithecidae
Old World Monkeys |
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Term
| What is the family and genus of the spider monkey? |
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Definition
Family: Atelidae
Genus: Ateles |
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Term
| What is the family and genus of the owl monkey? |
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Definition
Family: Aotidae
Genus: Aotus |
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Term
| What family contains capuchins and squirrel monkeys? |
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Definition
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Term
| What group of primates has a dental comb? |
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Definition
| Prosimians: lemurs (except Aye Aye) & lorises |
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Term
| What group of primates has a breeding season rather than a cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What primate is used for studies of infectious disease, behavior, and reproduction? |
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Definition
| Common marmoset - Callithrix jacchus |
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Term
| What monkey is used frequently in TV and movies? Why might they be chosen for this? |
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Definition
| capuchins in general, because smart and dexterous |
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Term
| What is the New World monkey most commonly used in research? Why are they well-suited for this? |
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Definition
Squirrel monkey - Saimiri sciureus
-small, good temperament, breed well in captivity |
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Term
| Do capuchins have prehensile tails? |
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Definition
| long, partially-prehensile tails |
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Term
| In what species do the males look especially muscular during the breeding season? |
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Definition
| Squirrel monkeys - Saimiri sciureus |
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Term
| What cat-sized species of primate has distinctive facial markings that make it appear to be smiling all the time? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the only nocturnal true primate? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Aotus
-only nocturnal true primate
-monogamous
-males take on primary child-rearing duties
-used as human malaria models, vision research bc unique eye structure |
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Term
| What primate is used as a model for human malaria and in vision research? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Ateles
-prehensile tail
-4 fingers, no thumb
-strictly arboreal
-pendulous labia that look like a penis |
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Term
| What species has pendulous labia, resembling a penis? |
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Definition
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Term
Which is more aggressive:
Macaca fascicularis, or Macaca mulatta? |
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Definition
| Macaca mulatta - Rhesus monkey |
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Term
| Are NW monkeys more arboreal or terrestrial? What about OW monkeys? |
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Definition
NW: more arboreal
OW: terrestrial |
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Term
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Definition
-smallest, most primitive of NW monkeys
-long, non-prehensile tail
-have claws, not nails
-twinning is common |
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Term
| Special anatomical feature of some terrestrial primates? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are macaques found? |
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Definition
| Asia, from China to Afghanistan |
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Term
| Are wild macaques used in research? Why or why not? |
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Definition
No - religious veneration in India, and other populations threatened by habitat destruction, wars, civil unrest, etc
-captive-bred macaques used widely in research on vaccines, pharmacology, toxicology, infectious Dz |
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Term
| What primate is used for studies on vaccines, pharmacology, toxicology, and infectious Dz? |
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Definition
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Term
| Are baboons commonly used in research? |
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Definition
| not in many labs because of their size (up to 70lbs) |
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Term
|
Definition
Papio
-long muzzle and tail
-males up to 50% bigger, up to 70lbs, have shoulder manes
-used in Sx studies, repro physiology, and model for AIDs |
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Term
| What primate is used for surgery studies, repro physiology, and as a model for AIDs? |
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Definition
| baboons - Papio anubis (olive) & P. cynocephalus (yellow) |
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Term
| Vervet monkeys are a type of ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| What primate has a blue scrotum and red penis? |
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Definition
| African green monkey - Chlorocebus aethiops |
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Term
| What primate is used for leprosy and HIV studies? Why is it uniquely suited for these studies? |
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Definition
Sooty mangabey - Cercocebus atys atys
-susceptible to leprosy, a Mycobacterium
-asymptomatic carrier of SIV |
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Term
| What primates are known as "the great brachiators"? |
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Definition
| gibbons and siamangs (Hylobatidae) |
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Term
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Definition
Hylobatidae
-unique shoulder = "great brachiators"
-arboreal
-monogamous
-endangered, only research beneficial to them |
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Term
| What primate is not used for biomedical research because it is critically endangered and facing extinction due to habitat destruction, fragmented forests, and failed reintroduction to the wild? |
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Definition
| orangutans - Pongo pygmaeus |
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Term
| Humans are genetically closest to what species? What other species are they close to? |
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Definition
Chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes
-also close to Bonobos |
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Term
| What primate is used for studies on AIDs, vaccines, psychology, and hepatitis? |
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Definition
| Chimpanzee - Pan troglodytes |
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Term
| Where are Orangutans found? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Pan troglodytes
-share 98.7% of our genes
-used in research on AIDs, vaccines, psych, and hepatitis |
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Term
| What percentage of animal research uses NHPs? What specific primates are primarily used? |
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Definition
-2% of animal research = NHPs
-over 50% this uses Cynos/macaques |
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Term
| Give some examples of universities that have primate labs: |
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Definition
| Duke, Yerkes at Emory, Tulane, UW Madison |
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Term
| Groups and publications that oversee care and use of primates, and their functions: |
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Definition
Interagency Primate Steering Committee
-regulates use of all NHPs in research
-coordinates between all studies, eg coordinates tissue use of euthanized NHPs
The Psychological Well-Being of NHPs (published by ILAR)
-outdoor corrals, indoor individual enclosures
The Guide
-group housing is critical to psychological well-being |
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Term
| Why is behavioral research on NHPs critical to biomedical research on them? |
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Definition
need to know their social behaviors, lifestyles, living habits to promote psychological well-being of lab NHPs
-house in pairs or harem?
-arboreal spp need perches, vertical space
-tamarins scent-mark their nest boxes |
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Term
| What plays a key role in reducing the stress of restraint and handling? |
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Definition
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Term
| Lab personnel must always have ___ when restraining or handling NHPs |
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Definition
| PPE - Personal Protective Equipment |
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Term
| Types of restraint & handling of NHPs: |
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Definition
PHYSICAL
-manual/mechanical squeeze-back cages
-transfer chutes & cages
-nets
-pole and collar
-restraint stocks/tubes/chairs
-manual
CHEMICAL
-ketamine
OPERANT CONDITIONING |
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Term
| Submissive behaviors of NHPs: |
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Definition
-lip smacking
-grooming
-submission posturing (present hindquarters, grinning) |
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Term
| Aggressive behaviors of NHPs: |
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Definition
-yawn to display teeth
-bristling of hair to appear larger
-direct eye contact |
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Term
| An open-mouth gesture indicates: |
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Definition
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Term
| A yawn display indicates: |
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Definition
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Term
| An open-mouth grin indicates: |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Physical exam of NHP entails (just list, don't elaborate): |
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Definition
| -routine whole body exam under anesthesia -TB test -immunizations -blood collection -body weight assessment -dental prophylaxis -fecal exam -radiographs |
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Term
|
Definition
-tetanus
-measles
-rabies
-Great Apes: polio |
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Term
| Describe how NHPs are TB tested: |
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Definition
-in upper eyelid
-if red/swollen = +, test again on chest |
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Term
| Term for Vitamin D deficiency in NHPs? |
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Definition
young: Rickets
adults: osteomalacia |
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Term
| Term for Vitamin C deficiency? What are the symptoms? |
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Definition
| Scurvy - hemorrhage of eyes/gums |
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Term
| Maximum time to store monkey chow? |
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Definition
| 3mo - vitamin C degrades after that |
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Term
| Sites for blood collection: |
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Definition
Anesthetized: femoral triangle, cephalic, jugular
Awake and Operant Conditioned: Saphenous |
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Term
| Most important zoonotic Dz of NHPs? Why? |
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Definition
| Herpes B Virus - 70% mortality in humans |
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Term
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Definition
-zoonotic, 70% mortality in humans
-transmitted primarily by saliva in bites, scratches
-report all bites/scratches
-extreme care with needles
-appropriate protective clothing
-wash hands regularly
-minimize splashing when sanitizing cages |
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Term
| Why must all bites/scratches be reported? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
-primary route of transmission = inhaled aerosols
-NHPs susceptible, especially OWMs
-routine testing of NHPs and personnel
-high seroprevalence in macaques |
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Term
| Macaques have a high seroprevalence of what pathogen? Do all positive macaques show it? |
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Definition
| Mycobacterium tuberculosis - many are asymptomatic |
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Term
| Pathogens that can cause bacterial gastroenteritis? Describe CS of each. |
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Definition
Shigella:
-blood/mucus diarrhea, abdominal pain (hunched over), rapid comatose
Campylobacter jejuni:
-liquid diarrhea, severe dehydration
Yersinia:
-"pseudotuberculosis" - acute
-diarrhea, depression, dehydration, death, or chronic lesions in jejunum/ileum |
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Term
| Most common cause of morbidity/mortality in NHPs? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is gastroenteritis transmitted to humans? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Monkeypox (related to smallpox)
-humans: fatigue, fever, papules in 10 days
-prevention: quarantine & vaccinate |
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Term
|
Definition
-humans and NHPs asymptomatic
-prevention: hygiene and human vaccine |
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Term
| zoonotic Protozoal agents |
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Definition
-Entamoeba histolytica (dysentary)
-Balantidium coli (dysentary)
-Troglodytella - ciliate; not as pathogenic at low levels so monitor load |
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Term
|
Definition
| "Blood Nose Syndome" in macaques |
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Term
|
Definition
| pneumonia that can lead to meningitis and death |
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Term
|
Definition
-gastritis, gastric ulcers in humans and NHPs
-NHP asymptomatic except for occasional vomiting
-gastric biopsy/Cx to Dx |
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Term
| List the zoonoses from PP (6 groups, some with subgroups)`: |
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Definition
-Herpes B
-Tuberculosis
-Bacterial Gastroenteritis: Shigella, Campylobacter, Yersinia
-Poxvirus
-Hepatitis A & B
-Protozoans: Entamoeba histolytica, Balantidium coli, Troglodytella |
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Term
| List the non-zoonotic bacterial diseases from PP: |
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Definition
-Moraxella catarrhalis (Bloody Nose Syndrome)
-Streptococcus pneumoniae
-Helicobacteriosis |
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Term
|
Definition
Platyrrhines
-prehensile tails in some species
-no ischial callosities
-broad-nosed
-require vitamin D
-no cheek pouches
-no opposable thumbs
-three premolars on each side |
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Term
|
Definition
Catarrhines
-no prehensile tails
-ischial callosities in some species
-narrow-nosed
-do not require vitamin D
-cheek pouches in some species
-all have opposable thumbs
-two premolars on each side |
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