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Details Title: Primate Fossil Description: Anthropoids Total Flash Cards: 31 Created: 12/08/2007 19:23:03	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Anthropoid Anatomy Definition - fused metopic suture - loss of stapedial artery - lack tapetum lucidum - post orbital closure - short snout - upper molar hypocone - tympanic ring fused to lateral wall of bulla - fused mandibular symphisis - incisors vertically implanted - no paraconid cusps on molars Term Geographic Locations of Important Early Anthropoids Definition Algeripithecus - Algeria Proteopithecus and Biretia - Fayum Eosimias and Amphipithecids - China/Myanmar Term Early Anthropoid Adaptations (body size and diet) Definition Body Size and Diet: - Early haplorhines (omomyoids and anthropoids) were smaller than 500 grams - insectivores (Kays) - no major change in diet or body size associated with anthropoids Term Early Anthropoid Adaptations (locomotion) Definition - not well known in omomyoids, but leaping is indicated - not well known in eosimiids, but less leaping, more general AQ - slight indication of change in locomotor behavior Term Early Anthropoid Activity Cycle Definition - living anthropoids have relatively small orbits because they are diurnal - tarsiers lack a tapetum lucidumand have relatively large orbits because they are nocturnal and came from a diurnal ancestor - being diurnal with a reduction in orbit size occured in the common ancestor of tarsiers and anthropoids, after splitting from nocturnal omomyoids - not specifically associated with anthropoid evolution Term Anthropoid Origins: Adaptive scenario Definition Earliest anthropoids were small, diurnal, insectiverous arboreal quadrupeds - visual predators so sight very important Postorbital closure is associated with the shift from being a nocturnal visual predator to a diurnal visual predator - need a bony septum to seperate eyeball from chewing muscles Term Fayum, Egypt: History Definition Elwyn Simons, 1960 Term Fayum: Jebel Qatrani Formation: Ages Definition upper sequence: younger than 34 mya. lower sequence: 37-34 mya. sandstones deposited by meandering streams and floodplains, lots of petrified woods Term Fayum: Geology Definition Upper sequence: mature paleosols Lower Sequence: sandstones deposited by meandering streams and floodplains Term Fayum: mammals Definition upper sequence: abundant vertibrate fossils - Duke fossil collections (15,000 specimins): primates 8%, other fossils 64%, birds 2%, reptiles 12%, fish/mic. 15% Other = Hyracoidea 31%, Rodentia 31% lower sequence: lots of petrified wood - more than 26 species of primates Term Fayum: Paleoecology Definition - meandering streams, paleosols - warm, wet, seasonal climate - lush, wet, tropical forest - diverse forest herbivores Term Phylogeny of Fayum Primates Definition Parapithecids, (Platyrrhines), Oligopithecids, Propliopithecids ... cercopithecoids etc. Term Primate Fossils Appear in South America: Where did they come from? Definition * The first primates found in the new world fossil record are all anthropoids *Africa - fayum anthropoids great candidate for platyrrhine ancestor - Fayum primates - dental formula, tympanic ring, zippy contact (similar to platyrrhines) - Good candidates at the right time - probably from here - Hystricomorph rodents (caviomorph rodent = capybara) also go from Africa to South America, so it adds credibility *No fossil record of anthropoids in N. America, so probably not a very likely source for S. America *Eosimiad anthropoid from asia could have traveled over to N. America and down, unlikely Term Primates appear in fossil records of South America: How did they get there? Definition * How did they cross the atlantic to get to S. America? * mats of dense vegetation collect at the base of rivers and flow out into the ocean, carrying local life with them * 30 m. years ago they were a lot closer, maybe 1000 km. away during the late Eocene and early Oligocene (2/3 closer than it is today) * sea levels were lower in Oligocene, cutting down on space to cross * Lots of volcanic activity in Oligocene - lots of islands, raft from one island to another *Ocean currents flow from eats to west Term Extant Platyrrhines Definition Pithecines: Red face saki, Red ukari Atelines: Spider monkey, Howler monkey Callitrichines: Marmoset, Tamarin Cebines: Capuchin, Squirrel monkey Callicebines: Titi monkey Aotines: Owl monkey Term Fossil New World Monkey: phylogeny Definition Extinct relatives of living subfamilies by late miocene - sparse record, dramatic extinctions Term Miocene Catarrhines of Africa: Chronology Definition proconsul: 20-17 mya Rangwapithecus: 20-19 mya Dendropithecus: 20-17 mya Micropithecus: 20-15 mya Nyanzapithecus: around 18.5-12 mya Afropithecus: around 18-17 mya Term Miocene cattarhines of Africa, Anatomy. Definition - larger brain - Y-5 molar pattern - loss of tail - long arms - broad thorax - highly mobile shoulder and hip Term Fossil Sites (just make sure they're recognizable) Definition lothidok moroto koru songhor rusinga mfwangano kalodirr buluk nachola maboko fort ternan *otavi samburu Term African Cattarhine Dental Anatomy Definition - 2:1:2:3 - broad upper central incisors and small laterals - large, sexually dimorphic canines - upper premolars broad and bicuspid - square upper molars - Y-5 pattern on lower molars - honing facet on p3 Term African Cattarhine cranial anatomy Definition - diversity in face shape - small orbits (diurnal) - small brains - tubular tympanic Term African Cattarhine postcranial anatomy Definition - most remains indicate GAQ - limbs equal in length - joints don't show extreme mobility - narrow thorax - narrow illium - ONE taxon, Morotopithecus, is similar to hominoids Term Early Miocene Cattarhine Phylogeny Definition (Kamoyapithecus) *Dendropithecus *Micropithecus (simiolus) *Proconsul (heliopithecus) *Afropithecus Turkana Rangwa Maboko *Nyanzapithecus Cercopitchecoids *Morotopithecus Hylobatidae Hominidae Term Miocene Catarrhines of Africa: time and place Definition Otavipithecus: 13 mya: Namibia Equatorius: 15.5-14 mya: Tugen Hills, Maboko Kenyapithecus: 14 mya: Fort Ternan Chororapithecus: 10 mya: Ethiopia Samburupithecus: 9 mya: Nakalipithecus: 10 mya: Kenya Term Paleocology of African Miocene Definition Rusinga, Songhor, Koru; 18-20mya (early); tropical rainforest (Proconsul, Rangwapithecus, Nyanzapithecus, Dendropithecus) Maboko, Fort Ternan (middle); 13-15mya; grassy woodland (Equatorius, Kenyapithecus, Nyanzapithecus) Term Paleoecology of Eurasian Miocene Definition Early (22-17)- hardwood deciduous forest Middle (16-10)- tropical rainforest Late - grassy woodland Term Miocene Cattarhines of Eurasia Cast of Characters Definition -Oreopithecus- -Dryopithecus- -Pierolapithecus- -Sivapithecus- -Gigantopithecus- -Ouranopithecus- Term Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Localities Definition Pliopithecidae, Dryopithecus - Europe and Asia Oreopithecus - Northern Italy Pierolapithecus - Spain Sivapithecus - N. India, Pakistan Gigantopithecus - India/Pakistan, Vietnam/China Ouranopithecus - Greece Term Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Dietary Reconstruction Definition foliverous (oreo), hard object (Ourano, Siva) Term Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Paleoecology Definition Early Middle Miocene - Foliverous, pliopithecids, swamp forest Late Middle Miocene - Frugiverous, Dryopithecus, wet open woodland Late Miocene - hard object feeders, Siva Ourano, Dry open parklands Term Miocene Catarrhines of Eurasia: Evolution of Extant Hominoids Definition - Early Miocene East Africa many catarrhines appear, featuring lack of tail, slightly larger brain, hints of powerful grasping - they emerged and dispersed into Eurasia - Late Miocene European and Eurasian Hominoids are dwindling ... extinction moving from West to East - One eurasian group led to Pongo and Gigantopithecus - One (Dryo or Ourano maybe) moved pack to Africa and founded the African apes and possibly Homo