Term
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Definition
Monogamy - Callitricids (marmosets & Tamarins), owl monkeys
Polygyny - 1 M, 2+F - Patas, Langurs, gorillas
Polyandry - 1 F, 2+M - Callitricids
Promiscuity - Bonobos |
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Term
| Social vs. Genetic Mating Systems |
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Definition
Genetic - who is siring offspring
Social - who is copulating
Capuchins - 70% of offspring are fathered by the alpha male - disconnect between genetic & social
Pair bonded species more similar systems |
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Term
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Definition
| Variance in reproductive success of same sexed individuals within a group - high skew = dominant male fathering most offspring - like Capuchins |
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Term
| Reproductive Synchrony/ Breeding Seasonality |
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Definition
Synchrony - females ovulate at the same time - pheremonal cues
Breeding seasonality - ex ring-tailed lemurs 3 week period, only in estrus for a 24 hour period - hormonal cycles |
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Term
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Definition
Estrus - the special period of sexual desire of the female - willing to receive the male, coincides with ovulation - can result in conception, copulation only occurs in this time
Pseudoestrus - sex when a female can't conceive - bonobos, macaques, capuchins |
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Term
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Definition
| anatomically the only way copulation can occur in some specifes - a specific positioning of the body to allow entry - ONLY prosimians |
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Term
Attractivity
Proceptivity
Receptivity |
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Definition
A - how attractive female is - stimulus value in evoking a sexual response - smell, swelling, color, etc.
P - behaviors a female engages in to indicate the motivation to mate - lip smacking in Rhesus & Capuchins, tongue flicking - callitrichids
R - female's receptivity to the male - ex. lemur going into lordosis, presenting themselves |
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Term
| Series vs. Single Intromissions |
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Definition
| Great Ape - single copulatory session needed to ejaculate, Macaques - series of intromissions needed - foot clasp mounting - need for form consortship |
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Term
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Definition
| male and female who maintain exclusive relationship - based on sexual attraction, greatly varies in duration, facilitates mating opportunity |
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Term
| Operational Sex Ratio (OSR) |
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Definition
| # of females available to mate (not pregnant or lactating) to # of reproductively mature men |
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Term
| Female-defense polygyny vs. resource defense polygyny |
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Definition
Female-defense - males defend clumped groups of females from other males
Resource defense - males defend resources to attract females |
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Term
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Definition
| indirect competition for reproductive success - tests size relative to body size - ex. copulatory plugs, killer sperm |
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Term
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Definition
| Darwin - Selection acting on the variation in the ability of individuals to compete with others of their own sex and attract members of the opposite sex - helps to explain maladaptive behavior |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemical messanger produced and released by the endocrine glands - travel in blood stream to target organs/cells - changes the probability a certain behavior will occur in certain situations |
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Term
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Definition
| Follicular phase - egg developing, ovulatory phase - egg released into fallopian tube, luteal phase - either results in fertilization or the shedding of the lining? |
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Term
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Definition
| Aggression increases due to context specific increases in testosterone - T facilitates aggression, decreases when males are required to care for offspring. Ex. with chimps - higher level of aggressive behavior in groups with hgiher number of maximally tumescent females |
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Term
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Definition
| 3rd component of social systems (social organization, mating system, social structure) - the patterns of social interactions and the resulting relationships among members of the society |
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Term
| Kinship and Kin selection theory |
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Definition
Kinship effects patterns of social interactions - favor kin in interactions - support inclusive fitness
Kinship = biological relatedness through maternal lines |
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Term
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Definition
| ranking system based on the outcome of aggressive and submissive interactions - occurs with contest competition - based on kinship |
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Term
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Definition
| strong associations among individuals - higher rates of proximity and non-aggressive behavior - don't have to be kin but more likely to affiliate with kin |
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Term
| Hierarchical vs. egalitarian |
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Definition
hierarchical - japanese macaques, most baboons, chimps - females compete for defendable resources, dominance hierarchies arise - alliances with strong bonds among group females. vs.
Egalitarian - Lemurs - indirect/scramble competition - little advantage in forming relationships - females may disperse |
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Term
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Definition
N - favoring kin over non-kin
D - aggressive relationships - based on dominance hierarchy |
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Term
| Matrilocal vs. female dispersed societies |
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Definition
female philopatry & male dispersal in baboons (not hamadryas), macaques, cercopithecines (OW Monkeys), males are immigrants & young males who have not yet dispersed - male hierarchies are volatile but female rank reversal is rare. Dominance rank is inherited
vs.
Female dispersal - very dangerous - all NW Monkeys BUT capuchins, Apes, some prosimians - avoid interbreeding, avoid competition with close kin |
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Term
| Rule of Youngest Ascendancy |
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Definition
| Dominant female - youngest daughter is the next in line |
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Term
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Definition
| Priority access to resources, increased reproductive success, decreased mortality, increased fertility - ex. Geladas - higher ranking individuals spend less energy fighting. Tamarins - multi-male uni-female society - alpha female is the only one reproducing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Female dispersal but female dominant as well - form coalitions, support sons in hierarchy --> Because bonobos are allopatric with gorillas - do not have to compete for resources so females can cooperate. VS. chimps - sympatric with gorillas - have to compete for food |
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Term
| Factors affecting relationships and male competition |
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Definition
| group membership/social organization - # of potential partners, reproductive seasonality - ability to monopolize females, reproductive rates, female mate choice |
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Term
| Direct, indirect, and inclusive fitness |
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Definition
indirect - the genes contributed to the next generation by an individual indirectly by helping nondescendant kin
Direct- the genes you leave behind to offspring
inclusive - both fitness & indirect fitness |
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Term
| Baboon "friendships" positive affiliations with females |
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Definition
| grooming, foraging together, pretection her or her offspring, helping to care for her offspring - increases his chance of mating with her in the future |
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Term
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Definition
| killing infants so the female won't be lactating and will ovulate - Langurs, white-faced capuchins |
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