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Clark's Rule uses Weight in Lbs, NEVER in Kg.
Here is the formula:
Adult Dose X (Weight ÷ 150) = Childs Dose
Example
11 year old girl / 70 Lbs
500mg X (70 ÷ 150) = Child's Dose
500mg X ( .47 )= Child's Dose
500mg X .47 = 235mg
Child's Dose = 235Mg |
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Youngs Rule uses age.
(which makes it easier to remember, the word young refers to age)
Here is the formula:
Adult Dose X (Age ÷ (Age+12)) = Child's Dose
Example
11 year old girl / 70 Lbs
500mg X (11 ÷ (11+12)) = Child's Dose
500mg X (11 ÷ 23) = Child's Dose
500mg X .48 = Child's Dose
Child's Dose = 240mg |
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Often drugs are prescribed based on an adults or childs weight in order to more accurately dose. The calculation is very simple and easy to perform. However, you must pay close attention to whether the dosage has been prescribed per Kg or Lbs.
Example:
132 Lb woman is prescribed Acyclovir 5mg/kg
First convert Lbs. to Kg
(132 ÷ 2.2) = 60kg
The prescription calls for 5mg per kg
60 x 5mg = 300mg |
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| Enteral medications are given orally and pass through the GI tract to be absorbed into the bloodstream and metabolized by the liver. This includes oral, naso-gastric, and rectal routes. |
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| Parenteral medications are injected or placed into the body tissues and do not pass through the liver before entering the bloodstream. This can include injections, topical and inhalation routes. Generally in pharmacy, parenteral refers to injection. Topical and inhalation routes are separated into their own routes of administration. |
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| Injectable drugs are usually in the form of solutions or powders, which are mixed with a sterile diluent to render an injectable solution. |
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| Inhalation routes of administration are inhaled through the mouth or the nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream. They are often used to treat respiratory diseases, but gases are inhaled for general anesthesia as well. |
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| Topical dosages are applied to the skin surface or a mucous membrane. |
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Oral Preparation: To form a Tablet the drug is combined with fillers and is then compressed into a hard pellet. There are various shapes, sizes and colors of tablets. Tablets are available in fast acting, slow release, controlled release, enteric coated, film coated, sublingual, chewable and other formulations. Not all oral Dosage Forms / tablets are swallowed.
Sublingual (SL) tablets are placed under the tongue, wafers are placed on the tongue and BUCCAL tablets are placed between the cheek and the gum. |
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| Oral Preparation: To form a Capsule the drug is contained in a cylindrically shaped shell, which breaks open and the drug is released. This includes gelatin capsules. |
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| Oral Preparation: A Caplet is an oval-shaped tablet. |
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| Oral Preparation: The drug is dissolved completely into a liquid form. |
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| ENTERAL: Oral Suspensions |
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| Oral Preparation: The drug is mixed with, but not completely dissolved into a liquid. It needs to be shaken before administration in order to suspend the drug particles evenly. |
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| Oral Preparation: Contain a high concentration of sucrose or sugar to sweeten, for ease of use. |
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| Oral Preparation: Elixirs contain between 5% and 40% alcohol. |
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| Oral Preparation: May contain as little as 17% alcohol or as much as 80% alcohol. |
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| Oral Preparation: An Emulsion is a suspension involving one liquid in a second liquid with which the first will not mix. (oil in water or water in oil). |
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| Oral Preparation: Drugs which are in a powder form and are usually dissolved in juice or water before administration. |
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| ENTERAL: Lozenge and Troche |
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| Oral Preparation: Lozenges and Troches are meant to be dissolved slowly in the mouth and generally have a local effect. |
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| ENTERAL: Rectal Suppositories |
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| Oral Preparation: Solid or semi-solid bullet shaped dosage forms. They melt at body temperature, dispersing the medication. |
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| Oral Preparation: Drug is suspended in a solution and infused into the rectum. |
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| ENTERAL: Transdermal patch |
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| Oral Preparation: A medicated adhesive patch applied directly on the skin to deliver a specific dosage of a drug. They have systemic effects and should be rotated to different sites on the body. |
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| Oral Preparation: Inhaled through the mouth or nose and usually act directly on the respiratory system before entering into the bloodstream. They are often used to treat respiratory diseases, but gases are inhaled for general anesthesia as well. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the dura matter (epidural space) of the spinal cord. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the vein. This allows for immediate adsorption. Intravenous includes IV push, IV piggyback and IV infusion or drip. |
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| PARENTERAL: Intramuscular |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the muscle. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the fatty layer under the skin. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the top layer of the skin at a slight angle. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the heart. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected within the eye. |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the space surrounding the spinal cord. |
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| PARENTERAL: Intra-articular |
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| Injectable Preparation: Injected into the joint. |
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The basic components of pharmacokinetics are (in order):
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Eliminate |
(Hint: Memorize A.D.M.E.) |
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