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the study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another
Gross or macroscopic
Microscopic
Developmental
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| the study of the function of the body’s structural machinery |
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all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
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gross anatomy of the body studied by system
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study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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| Three Parts of Gross or macroscopic Anatomy |
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Regional – all structures in one part of the body (such as the abdomen or leg)
Systemic – gross anatomy of the body studied by system
Surface – study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin
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| Two parts of Microsopic Anatomy |
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Cytology – study of the cell
Histology – study of tissues |
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study of developmental changes of the body before birth
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| 1 example of Developmental Anatomy |
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study of structural changes caused by disease
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| – study of internal structures visualized by X ray |
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study of anatomical structures at a sub cellular level
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Considers the operation of specific organ systems
Focuses on the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level |
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workings of the nervous system
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operation of the heart and blood vessels
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which explains electrical currents, blood pressure, and the way muscle uses bone for movement
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| Principle of Complementarity |
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Function always reflects structure
What a structure can do depends on its specific form |
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Chemical – atoms combined to form molecules
Cellular – cells are made of molecules
Tissue – consists of similar types of cells
Organ – made up of different types of tissues
Organ system – consists of different organs that work closely together
Organismal – made up of the organ systems |
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| Levels of Structural Organization |
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Forms the external body covering
Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
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Forms the external body covering
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Composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails
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Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
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Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
Protects and supports body organs
Provides the framework for muscles
Site of blood cell formation
Stores minerals
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| Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments |
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| Protects and supports body organs |
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| Provides the framework for muscles |
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Site of blood cell formation
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Composed of muscles and tendons
Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
Maintains posture
Produces heat |
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Composed of muscles and tendons
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Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression
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Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
Is the fast-acting control system of the body
Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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| Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves |
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Is the fast-acting control system of the body
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Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
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Composed of the heart and blood vessels
The heart pumps blood
The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
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The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
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Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
Houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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Composed of red bone marrow, thymus, spleen, lymph nodes, and lymphatic vessels
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Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
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| Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream |
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| Houses white blood cells involved with immunity |
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Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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Composed of the nasal cavity, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs
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Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
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Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
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Composed of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus, and liver
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Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood
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Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
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Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
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Composed of kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
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| Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body |
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Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
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Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
Main function is the production of offspring
Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
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Composed of prostate gland, penis, testes, scrotum, and ductus deferens
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Main function is the production of offspring
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Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones
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Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
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| Female Reproductive System |
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Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
Main function is the production of offspring
Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
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| Female Reproductive System |
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Composed of mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
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| Female Reproductive System |
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| Main function is the production of offspring |
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| Female Reproductive System |
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| Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones |
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| Female Reproductive System |
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Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
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| Female Reproductive System |
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Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn
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protects the body from the external environment
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| Digestive and Respiratory Systems |
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in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen
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are distributed by the blood
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are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems
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the internal environment remains distinct from the external
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| Maintaining Boundaries... accomplished by plasma membranes |
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| Maintaining Boundaries...accomplished by the skin |
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– locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility
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ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them
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breakdown of ingested foodstuffs
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all the chemical reactions that occur in the body
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| removal of wastes from the body |
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| cellular and organismal levels |
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Reproduction... an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells
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Reproduction... sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person
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increase in size of a body part or of the organism
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chemical substances used for energy and cell building
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| needed for metabolic reactions |
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provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions
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| Maintaining Normal Body Temperature |
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necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates
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required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
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is the ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
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| dynamic state of equilibrium |
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| The internal environment of the body is in a |
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| Chemical, thermal, and neural factors interact to |
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| Receptro/Control Center/ Effector |
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| The three interdependent components of control mechanisms are: |
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Homeostasis Control Mechanisms... monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms... determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
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Homeostatic Control Mechanisms... provides the means to respond to the stimulus
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Disturbance of homeostasis or the body’s normal equilibrium
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Overwhelming of negative feedback mechanisms allowing destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
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| Example: Regulation of Blood Glucose Levels |
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In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus
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| Example: Regulation of blood clotting |
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In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus
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