Term
| what are the four primary tissues |
|
Definition
| epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular tissues |
|
|
Term
| what is epithelial tissue? |
|
Definition
| tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands, and serve for protection, secretion, and absorption |
|
|
Term
| what is connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| tissue with more matrix than cell volume, often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of coded information to other cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction |
|
|
Term
| four steps of tissue section preparation |
|
Definition
fixation
section
stain
observation |
|
|
Term
| Describe intercellular material and blood vessel counts in epithelium tissue |
|
Definition
little intercellular material
no blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of epithelium |
|
Definition
1+ layers
closely adhered cells
form surfaces
avascular
basement membrane
basal and apical surface |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
barrier
secretion
absorption
excretion
sensory reception |
|
|
Term
| what does epithelium rest upon? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what composes the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
| adhesive glycoproteins and other extracellular material |
|
|
Term
| what is the role of the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
the adhesive glycoproteins an other extracellular material separates it from and binds it to connective tissue
binds growth factors that affect epithelial development and maintenance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. dead squamous cells
2. living epithelial cells
3. connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 1. living epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| types of epithelium tissue cells |
|
Definition
simple squamous epithelium
simple cuboidal
simple columnar
pseudostratified columnar
stratified squamous
stratified cuboidal
transitional epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are simple epithelium? |
|
Definition
| all cells contact basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are stratified epithelium? |
|
Definition
| some cells rest atop others without touching the basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are simple squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
| single layer of flat, scale-like cells |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of simple squamous epithelium |
|
Definition
cells fit tightly together
easily damaged
found where diffusion takes place |
|
|
Term
| where are simple squamous epithelium found? |
|
Definition
serosae of abdominal viscera
endothelium of cardiovascular system (capillaries)
alveoli of the lungs |
|
|
Term
| why is the structure of simple squamous epithelium ideal for diffusion? |
|
Definition
| minimizes barrier to diffusion of gases and fluids, and secretes serous fluids. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| define simple cuboidal epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| single layer of cube-shaped cells |
|
|
Term
| function of simple cuboidal epithelial cells |
|
Definition
| mainly functions in secretion and absorption |
|
|
Term
| where are simple cuboidal cells located? |
|
Definition
kidney tubules
salivary glands
ducts of thyroid
bronchioles
pancreas
liver |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. brush border (microvilli)
2. connective tissue
3. basement membrane
4. goblet cell
5. columnar cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. lumen of kidney tubule
2. (simple) cuboidal epithelial cells
3. basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| what are simple columnar cells? |
|
Definition
| single layer of elongated cells |
|
|
Term
| what do simple columnar cells function in? |
|
Definition
| functions in secretion and absorption |
|
|
Term
| where are simple columnar cells found? |
|
Definition
lining most of digestive tract/intestines
uterus
stomach |
|
|
Term
| unique characteristics to simple columnar epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
surface often possesses numerous microvilli
contains mucous-secreting goblet cells |
|
|
Term
| what are pseudostratified columnar epithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| elongated (columnar) cells arranged to appear as several layers, but is actually just one in which the cell nuclei area at different levels |
|
|
Term
| where are pseudostratified columnar epithelium often found? |
|
Definition
| lining upper portion of respiratory tract and oviducts contains numerous goblet cells which secrete mucous that is moved along by cilia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cilia
2. Basement membrane
3. Basal cells
4. goblet cells
5. pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
|
Term
| what are stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
many layers; cell division occurs in lower layers and pushes outward as outer layers are lost
range from cuboidal to columnar near basement membrane to squamous at surface |
|
|
Term
| where are stratified squamous epithelium found? |
|
Definition
areas of heavy wear and tear:
epidermis
mouth
anus
esophogus |
|
|
Term
| what is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
has a thick layer of dead cells packed with keratin on the surface.
drier and tougher, found in epidermis |
|
|
Term
| what is nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium? |
|
Definition
stratified squamous epithelium that has living cells all the way to surface
characteristic of esophagus and vagina |
|
|
Term
| what is stratified cuboidal epithelium? |
|
Definition
| consists of two or more layers of cuboidal cells or cuboidal cells resting atop squamous basal cells |
|
|
Term
| where is stratified cuboidal epithelium found? |
|
Definition
sweat gland ducts
seminiferous tubules of the testis
follicles of the ovary |
|
|
Term
| what are transitional epithelium? |
|
Definition
| appearance of cells changes with tension |
|
|
Term
| where are transitional epithelium found? |
|
Definition
| lining the urinary system (esp. bladder) |
|
|
Term
| how does transitional epithelium appear when bladder is empty? full? |
|
Definition
empty: numerous layers can be seen
full: few layers are seen |
|
|
Term
| where are transitional epithtelium found? |
|
Definition
urinary tract
within kidney
parts of the urethra
umbilical cord |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce fibers and ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transform blood into connective tissue (?) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| produce heparin and histamine |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 primary fiber types? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of fluids in oxygen and nturient/wastes in the blood? |
|
Definition
| tissue fluid helps diffusion of oxygen and nutrients/wastes that arise from blood vessels, specifically postcapillary venules |
|
|
Term
| describe connective tissue |
|
Definition
| type of tissue in which cells usually occupy less space that the extracellular material |
|
|
Term
| what does connective tissue form? |
|
Definition
all:
bones
cartilage
tendons
ligaments
fat
blood
dermis of the skin
filler between other organs |
|
|
Term
| main role of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
bind organs to each other or to support and protect organs
also help:
immunity, movement, storage, heat production, and transport |
|
|
Term
| describe fibrous connective tissue |
|
Definition
| exhibits conspicuous fibers in its matrix |
|
|
Term
| types of fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
collagenous
reticular
elastic |
|
|
Term
| common cell types in fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
fibroblasts
macrophages
leukocytes
plasma cells
mast cells
adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| what are the cells and fibers of connective tissue often embedded in? |
|
Definition
| a homogenous ground substance that usually has a gelatinous consistency due to three types of large protein-carbohydrate complexes |
|
|
Term
| what are the three large protein-carbohydrate complexes often found surrounding connective tissue cells and fibers? |
|
Definition
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
adhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| types of loose connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe areolar connective tissue/what does it do? |
|
Definition
| abundant, binds epithelia to deeper tissue |
|
|
Term
| what does reticular connective tissue do? |
|
Definition
| supports lymphatic organs |
|
|
Term
| characteristic of loose connective tissue? |
|
Definition
abundant ground substance
widely spaced cells and fibers |
|
|
Term
| describe areolar tissue's orientation? |
|
Definition
seemingly random array of collagenous and elastic fibers, scattered fibroblasts, and other cells
underlies most epithelia
fills space between adjacent organs such as trachea and esophogus |
|
|
Term
| useful function for areolar tissue? |
|
Definition
arena for immune defense against invading pathogens
allows nerves and blood vessels to reach other tissues |
|
|
Term
| describe reticular tissue's orientation? |
|
Definition
| a loose web of reticular fibers infiltrated with lymphocytes and other cells |
|
|
Term
| what does reticular tissue form a network for? |
|
Definition
lymphnodes
spleen
thymus
bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| describe dense regular connective tissue |
|
Definition
highly organized fibers
less ground substance/more closely packed fibers |
|
|
Term
| main cell type that makes up dense regular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of dense fibrous connective tissue? |
|
Definition
dense regular
dense irregular |
|
|
Term
| what is made of dense regular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| orientation of dense regular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| bundles of parallel collagen fibers with fibroblasts squeezed between them |
|
|
Term
| useful feature of dense regular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| resists stress and tearing, hence why it makes up tendons and ligaments |
|
|
Term
| describe dense irregular connective tissue |
|
Definition
| mostly seemingly randomly arranged, densely packed collagen |
|
|
Term
| what fiber type makes up most of dense irregular and regular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what does dense irregular connective tissue form? |
|
Definition
most of the dermis of the skin
sheaths around bones and cartilages
protective capsules around many internal organs |
|
|
Term
| feature of dense irregular connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| functions of adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what cells mainly constitute adipose tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe structure of adipocyte |
|
Definition
| has a large central globule of triglyceride surrounded by a thin layer of cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| what does white (sometimes yellow) fat do? |
|
Definition
serves as energy reserve
cushions and protects organs
holds some organs in place
contours the body |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains multiple triglyceride globules
serves only to generate heat, especially in infants |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive connective tissue with a flexible rubbery matrix |
|
|
Term
| what cells are in cartilage? |
|
Definition
chondrocytes
chondroblasts |
|
|
Term
| where are chondrocytes in cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| occupy cavities called lacunae scattered throughout collagen matrix |
|
|
Term
| what are the three types of collagen? |
|
Definition
hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| what is hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| a clear matrix in which fibers are too fine to be easily visible |
|
|
Term
| what makes up most of a fetal skeleton? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is hyaline cartilage found in adults? |
|
Definition
covers articular surfaces of many bones
supports larynx, trachea, and bronchi
connects the ribs to the sternum |
|
|
Term
| is cartilage vascular or avascular? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| describe elastic cartilage |
|
Definition
| coarser, more conspicuous fibers made of elastin |
|
|
Term
| where is elastic cartilage found/what does it do? |
|
Definition
shapes the ear pinna
supports epiglottis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
coarse collagen bundles
often parallel rows of chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| where is fibrocartilage found? |
|
Definition
intervertebral discs
pubic symphysis where tendons grade into hyaline cartilage at the joints |
|
|
Term
| what is the perichondrium? |
|
Definition
a fibrous sheath that surrounds elastic cartilage and most hyaline cartilage
BUT DOES NOT surround fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supportive connective tissue with a calcified matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where are osteocytes found? |
|
Definition
| occupy lacunae between layers of lamellae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fine channels that interconnect lacunae in bone
osteocytes communicate through them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cylinders of compact bone tissue
lamellae arrange around a central canal in them |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how is compact bone arranged? |
|
Definition
| mostly in cylinders of osteons |
|
|
Term
| what does spongy bone consist of? |
|
Definition
| a porous honeycomb of thin plates and spines, ALWAYS covered with a sheet of compact bone |
|
|
Term
| what components make up compact bone? |
|
Definition
central canal
lamellae
osteon
osteocytes
canaliculi
periosteum |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thin plate-like structures/alternating layers of different material |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transport cells and solutes from place to place |
|
|
Term
| what elements make up blood? |
|
Definition
erythrocytes
leukocytes (five kinds)
platelets |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| discoidal, oxygen-transporting cells without nuclei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| round, nucleated cells involved in defense |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| small cell fragments involved in blood vessel maintenance and clotting |
|
|
Term
| what are the elements of blood suspended in? |
|
Definition
| liquid ground substance called plasma |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue specialized for rapid communication by means of electrical and chemical signals |
|
|
Term
| what constitutes as nervous tissue? |
|
Definition
brain
spinal cord
nerves
neurons
neuroglia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| carry out the communicative function of nervous tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neurosoma
multiple dendrites
usually a single axon too |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the role of an axon? |
|
Definition
| carry signals away to another cell |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of muscle tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| specialized to contract when stimulated and to exert force on other tissues |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of muscle tissue's functions? |
|
Definition
body movements
movement of material through the digestive tract
waste elimination
breathing
speech
blood circulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| elongated, striated, multinucleanated cells called muscle fibers |
|
|
Term
| function of skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
| attached to bones and moves joints when it contracts |
|
|
Term
| is skeletal muscle voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up cardiac muscle/what is its arrangement? |
|
Definition
cardiocytes (shorter cells than muscle fibers) with a single nucleus
striated
intercalated discs (cells meet end to end) |
|
|
Term
| cardiac muscle is voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where is the only place cardiac muscle is found? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what makes up smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
short fusiform cells with a single nucleus
no striation |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle is voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does smooth muscle occur? |
|
Definition
iris
skin
blood vessels
walls of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| what makes up smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
short fusiform cells with a single nucleus
no striation |
|
|
Term
| smooth muscle is voluntary or involuntary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| where does smooth muscle occur? |
|
Definition
iris
skin
blood vessels
walls of the digestive, respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts |
|
|
Term
| what can both smooth and cardiac muscle cells be called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is another name for smooth muscle in the internal organs? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rings of muscle (either smooth or skeletal) that regulate body openings and the passage of material through the body
(including the eyelids, stomach, intestines, and urethra) |
|
|
Term
| the three types of glands |
|
Definition
endocrine
exocrine
multi- or unicellular |
|
|
Term
| the three types of glands |
|
Definition
endocrine
exocrine
multi- or unicellular |
|
|
Term
| difference between endocrine and exocrine glands? |
|
Definition
exocrine have ducts usually and release secretions onto the body surface or into the lumen of another organ
endocrine lack ducts and secrete products (hormones) into the bloodstream |
|
|
Term
| what are unicellular glands? |
|
Definition
unicellular glands are isolated gland cells found in predominantly nonglandular epithelia
can be exocrine (i.e. goblet cells) or endocrine (hormone-secreting cells of digestive tract) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a supportive connective tissue framework for glands: a connective tissue capsule surrounds most glands and issues fibrous septa (trabeculae) into the interior of the gland, thus dividing it into lobes and microscopic lobules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
secretory portions of a gland
composed of epithelial cellsgan that secretes substances for use in the body or for elimination as waste |
|
|
Term
| what do serous glands secret? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what do mucous glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| mucin in the gland absorbs water to make/secrete mucus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| both serous and mucous cells |
|
|
Term
| what do cytogenic glands produce? |
|
Definition
| whole cells like sperm in the testes or eggs in the ovaries |
|
|
Term
| what is another name for merocrine glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how do merocrine glands secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| examples of merocrine glands? |
|
Definition
tear glands
pancreas
gastric glands |
|
|
Term
| how do holocrine glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| whole cells disintegrate and become the secretion |
|
|
Term
| what are examples of holocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| oil-producing glands of scalp, eyelid |
|
|
Term
| how do apocrine glands secrete? |
|
Definition
| predominantly merocrine method, but have a distinct histological appearance |
|
|
Term
| examples of apocrine glands? |
|
Definition
| mammary and axillary glands |
|
|
Term
| what are the types of body membranes? |
|
Definition
cutaneous
mucous
serous
endothelium |
|
|
Term
| what is the cutaneous membrane? |
|
Definition
the skin
also the largest membrane of the body |
|
|
Term
| what are mucous membranes? |
|
Definition
| composed of a secretory epithelium, a connective tissue lamina propria (areolar connective tissue), and sometimes a muscularis mucosae (smooth muscle layer) |
|
|
Term
| where are mucous membranes found? |
|
Definition
| lining passages that open to the exterior (digestive, respiratory, urinary) |
|
|
Term
| what makes up serous membranes? |
|
Definition
| simple squamous epithelium on a thin bed of areolar connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| what do serous membranes secrete? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple squamous epithelium that lines the inside of the heart and blood vessels |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a simple squamous epithelium of the peritoneum and pleurae |
|
|
Term
| what are synovial membranes? |
|
Definition
| fibrous membranes that enclose joint cavities |
|
|
Term
| how do tissues normally grow? |
|
Definition
| by means of hyperplasia and hypertrophy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| enlargement of preexisting cells |
|
|
Term
| how do cells grow pathologically? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tumor growth; responsible for pathological tissue growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the transformation of an unspecialized embryonic tissue into a specialized mature tissue |
|
|
Term
| how can tissues change from one type to another? |
|
Definition
differentiation
metaplasia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| transformation of one mature tissue type to another |
|
|
Term
| how are damaged tissues repaired? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the restoration of preexisting tissue type and its functionality |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how can tissues shrink or degenerate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| shrinkage through aging or lack of use |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pathological tissue death due to trauma, toxins, infections, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two components of any tissue? |
|
Definition
| cells and intracellular space |
|
|
Term
| what are the 3 main types of fibers found in the intracellular substance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 primary tissues? |
|
Definition
epithelium
connective
muscle
nervous |
|
|
Term
| what are the specialized functions of each primary tissue type? |
|
Definition
epithelium: barrier, secretion, reception, excretion, absorption
connective: support, storage, transport, protection, defense, healing
muscle: contraction
nervous: impulse conduction |
|
|
Term
| List the two foremost characteristics of epithelial tissue. |
|
Definition
| all cells have a free surface (exhibits polarity), all cells are anchored to a basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Where is the basement membrane located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how are epithelial cells nourished? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the basement membrane? |
|
Definition
| mainly a structural element, for support |
|
|
Term
| what are the two main types of epithelial glands? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 features are used to classify epithelial glands? |
|
Definition
1. shape of duct (branched vs. unbranched)
2. shape of secretory unit (acinar vs. tubular) |
|
|
Term
| what are the 4 modes of secretory release? |
|
Definition
merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
cytogenous |
|
|
Term
| Name the 3 types of cell membrane specializations, and be able to list examples of each |
|
Definition
1. apical: microvilli & cilia
2. lateral & basal: tight, adhering, and hemidesmosomes junctions
3. communication: gap/nexus junctions |
|
|
Term
| How do the 2 apical cell membrane specializations differ structurally? |
|
Definition
microvilli: core of microfilaments
cilia: core of microtubules, longer than microvilli |
|
|
Term
| what is the function of the two apical cell membrane specializations? |
|
Definition
microvillli: increase surface area for absorption and secretion
cilia: move things over cell surface by beating in a wave-like fashion |
|
|
