Term
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Definition
| species are an extreme, they are worldwide in distribution |
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Term
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Definition
| species are found in only a small restricted area, they represent the other side of the sepctrum |
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Term
| factors determining the geographic range of a species |
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Definition
*history
2. biological tolerances
3. other species
4. combo of the above |
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Term
| Palms (example of physiological factors limiting distribution) |
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Definition
| meristems of palms occur at the top fo the trunk, and are not tolerant of freezing-so palms cannot take a northern winter |
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Term
| *different species occupy different microenvironments |
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Definition
| seed dispersal can play a role |
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Term
| **all species are restricted to a particular habitat** |
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Definition
| suitable habitats tend to be clustered within the geographic range of a population |
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Term
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Definition
| -groups of individuals living in a habitat at a given time |
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Term
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Definition
-occupy same general area
-rely on the same resources
-influenced by same general environment conditions
-reproduction indiviuals of the same species |
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Term
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Definition
-prefer fast moving, gravel bottom rivers
-thus, population extend along major rivers in IL |
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Term
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Definition
| -a single population of salmon may spawn upstream in a river and return the ocean to feed and grow |
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Term
| population movement and monarch butterflies |
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Definition
-migratory
-instinctive behavior to fly south |
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Term
| factors that define evolution of population |
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Definition
-size
-density
-patterns of dispersion
-age structure
-sex ratio
-variability |
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Term
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Definition
-size
-number of individuals in the population at any given time |
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Term
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Definition
-number of individuals in the population per unit area or unit volume
-units/m^2
-few sigfigs because large amount of estimation/error |
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Term
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Definition
1. clumped
2. regular
3. random |
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Term
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Definition
-most common
-close together
-occurs because some areas are more suitable than others |
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Term
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Definition
-uncommon
-occurs in the absence of strong attraction or repulsion among individuals |
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Term
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Definition
-happens because of interactions between individuals in the population
-competition
-territoriality
-human intervention |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fighting over space/territorial behavior |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| relative number of individuals at different ages |
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Term
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Definition
-the proportion of individuals of each sex
-number of females is more important in the overall growth rate of populations
ex. |
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Term
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Definition
| differences among individuals in the population |
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Term
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Definition
| when the two sexes differ greatly in appearances |
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Term
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Definition
| when individuals differ in appearance because of a dramatic transformation as they age |
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Term
| metapopulations (??? look up in book) |
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Definition
-group of spatially separated populations of the same species which have some form of migration or mixing behavior among them
-group of organisms that exist in interwoven collections of subpopulations
-exhibit own dynamics with localized extinction, and recolonization of unoccupied areas of suitable habitat, determining their dynamics |
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Term
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Definition
-best, simple, model of population growth -predicts the rate of growth/decay of any population where the per capita rates of growth and death are constant over time
[image] |
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Term
| exponential growth formula |
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Definition
N(t) = Ne^rt
N=starting population
t=time elapsed
r=population constant (% -> decimal) |
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Term
| ex. exponential growth problem |
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Definition
human growth rate 1.8%/year
6 billion people in 2001
what would population be in 2101
N(100)= 6x10^9 * e^(.018)(100)
N(100)= 36.3 billion |
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Term
| aprox current human growth rate |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-no population can grow infinitely
-not enough resources |
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Term
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Definition
-maximum number of individual a given environment can sustain
-grow until one or several limiting resources |
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Term
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Definition
-accounts for carrying capacity
dN/dT=r(max)*N(K-N)/K
-r decreases as K increases
-when N=K, dN/dT=0 |
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Term
| when N>K the population.... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-time between reaching carrying capacity and the slowdown in reproduction
-rapidly growing populations/populations with lag time often overshoot K and exhibit population cycles
-population based on current/slightly past conditions |
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Term
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Definition
the sudy of the age structure and growth of population (birth, reproduction, death)
-thomas malthus |
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Term
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Definition
| count every individual in the population |
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Term
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Definition
-count individuals in many small -portions of the area then calculate density
-mark/recapture
-index of relative abundance |
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Term
| sample population equation |
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Definition
first sample = marked recapture
-------------- -------------------
total pop total recapture |
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Term
| life table (look at notes) |
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Definition
| a table of statistics relating to life expectancy and mortality for a given category of species |
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Term
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Definition
| group of organisms born at the same time |
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Term
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Definition
S(0) - number of individuals born into the cohort
S(X) - NUMBER of individuals alive at the start of interval X |
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Term
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Definition
| number of individuals dying during interval X |
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Term
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Definition
PROPORTION of individuals alive at the start of interval X
I(X) = S(X)/S(0) |
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Term
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Definition
| expected number of female offspring born to a female during interval X |
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Term
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Definition
-rate of population growth/decline
R > 1 population increases
R < 1 population decreases
R = 1 stable population |
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Term
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Definition
-traces the decline of a group of newborns over time -plot probability of surviving a certain age -sometime differ from male/female
[image] |
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Term
| type I (survivorship curves) |
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Definition
-convex curve
-most individuals live to adulthood with most mortality occurring during adult hood
(i.e. humans, red deer, elephants) |
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Term
| type II (survivorship curves) |
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Definition
-straight line
-individual's chance of dying is independent of it's age
(i.e. small birds/mammals) |
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Term
| type III (survivorship curves) |
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Definition
-concave curve
-few individuals live to adulthood, with chance of dying decreases with age
(i.e. oysters, redwood trees, snapping turtles) |
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Term
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Definition
-proportion of individuals at different ages
-significant impact on future population growth |
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Term
| european/japan age distribution |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| when are death rates highest in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-timing of an organism's reproduction and death
-most are evolved to maximize an organism's expected fitness |
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Term
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Definition
| how many offspring it produces that are ultimately able to produce their own offspring |
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Term
| trade off between surviorship and reproduction |
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Definition
| reproduction can be dangerous, and involves the expenditure of resources the organism could use for growth or maintenance |
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Term
| Density-Independent factors affecting populations |
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Definition
| For Neodiprion sawflies, winter surviorship is greatly affected by the weather, which is density-independent |
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Term
| Density-Dependent factors affecting populations |
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Definition
| Pacific mussels, Mytillus sp., are largely limited by density-dependent competition for space on rocky outcrops |
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Term
| life history is polymorphic |
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Definition
| each morph exploits a life history where it avoids competition with other morphs |
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Term
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Definition
one large reproductive effort
reproduce once and die
(most insects/annual plants) |
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Term
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Definition
fewer offspring and many reproductive episodes
(perennial plants/large mammals/sharks/most birds) |
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Term
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Definition
-number of offspring produced per reproductive episode
-varies depending on resources available |
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Term
| age at first reproduction |
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Definition
-timing of first reproduction greatly affects fitness
-few offspring early can increase an individual's fitness more than many offspring later (because of compound interest effect) |
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Term
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Definition
| an organism's offspring will produce their own offspring sooner if reproduction is early |
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Term
| generation time v body size |
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Definition
| larger organisms are slower to reach reproductive age |
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Term
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Definition
-adaptation by which an organism may potentially increase the survivorship of it's offspring
-comes at cost to parent
-smaller/more vulnerable organisms require more parental care |
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Term
| examples of evolutionary compromises |
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Definition
more young v larger young
reproduce early v live longer
care for young v more young
reproduce more than once v reproduce well once |
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Term
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Definition
-early demographer/economist
-was the first to reach the conclusion that human populations tend to grow until they outstripped their available food supply |
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