Term
1) Partial Pressure
2) Solubility
3) Membrane Thickness
4) Surface area
5) Biconcave RBC shape for transport |
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Definition
| Movement of gases across respiratory membrane affected by: (5) |
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Term
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Definition
| Unlike atmospheric air, lung air is saturated with ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ breathing is no mixing of incoming and outgoing air |
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Term
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Definition
| flow through breathing is seen in ______ |
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Term
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Definition
Countercurrent exchange between water flowing across gills and blood (in gills) flowing in opposite direction
– Note O2 exchange not to equilibrium |
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Term
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Definition
| Compared to mammals, ______ have much lower arterial + alveolar concentrations of CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| water breathers have a much lower arterial + alveolar concentrations of CO2, due to _________ in water compared to air |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing ventilation in freshwater teleosts leads to water _____ and ionic (Na+) ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| Increasing ventilation in marine teleosts leads to a water ____ and ionic _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| More active species (which need more oxygen) rely on increased ________ to accommodate oxygen needs |
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Term
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Definition
| Relatively inactive species (less oxygen need) increase ______ to the gills; and can tolerate the resulting change in ions |
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Term
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Definition
| Air is much better medium for ventilation than water, but birds also have ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| unique to birds is the _______ gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| skin breathing occurs in amphibians, aquatic reptiles, and in bats through their _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| oxygen travels through the blood as it's dissolved in _____, and 98.5% of it is bound to ______ |
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Term
| polypeptide chains ; heme (Iron) |
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Definition
| hemoglobin is composed of ________ and _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| seasons, aerobic activity, altitude, and stress/disease can all affect ______ levels in animals |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ is composed of a monomer with one heme |
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Term
| Type 1 (Red) skeletal ; cardiac |
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Definition
| myoglobin stores oxygen in ______ and ______ muscle |
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Term
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Definition
| knockout mice had far denser capillaries, when deals with the growth of new blood vessels from preexisting ones, known as _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| _____ is primary determinant of % Hb saturation |
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Term
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Definition
| in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, a shift to the left favors ______ of O2 onto hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| in the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve, a shift to the right favors ______ of O2 from hemoglobin |
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Term
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Definition
| in a partially saturated hemoglobin molecule, the alveolar pressure is ______ than the blood pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| the influence of acid/CO2 causing a shift right is known as the _____ effect |
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Term
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Definition
| the effect of acidosis on lowering blood oxygen content is known as the ______ effect |
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Term
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Definition
| bottom-dweller fish dont need this, and freshwater fish need this more than marine fish |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ adjusts buoyancy by adjusting quantity of gas within |
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Term
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Definition
| In the swim bladder, the gas gland secretes _______, lowering pH of blood exiting |
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Term
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Definition
| Red blood cells use _______ enzyme to convert CO2 to HCO3+ in tissues; and back to CO2 in lungs |
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Term
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Definition
| there are more HCO3- ions in (mammals/fish) |
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Term
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Definition
| the _____ is responsible for setting our respiratory rhythm |
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Term
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Definition
| The _______ receives input from chemoreceptors, lung receptors and baroreceptors |
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Term
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Definition
| The ______ sends out inspiratory neurons to VRG and PRC |
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Term
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Definition
Former “expiratory
center”; contains rhythm+
generating Pre+Bötzinger
Complex and both I and E
neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ send excitatory output to other I neurons to produce inspiratory drive and inhibitory output to E neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| In the PRC, the _______ “fine tunes” breathing rhythm and smooths out transitions from inspiration – expiration –inspiration… |
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Term
1) Rhythm
2) Activation
3) Ventilation |
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Definition
| Brainstem Respiratory Control Centers Responsible For: (3) |
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Term
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Definition
Mammals increase ventilation by increasing ____and _____
of breathing |
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Term
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Definition
_____ and ____ are by far the most important
regulatory chemicals |
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Term
| decrease ; decrease ; increase |
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Definition
| peripheral chemoreceptors are stimulated by a ______ in O2, ______ in pH, and _______ in CO2 |
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Term
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Definition
| the stimulation of chemoreceptors leads to increased _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| central chemoreceptors just sense _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| small biconcave disks, Anuclear and lack organelles, mostly hemoglobin |
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Term
| Erythropoeisis ; negative ; Erythropoietin |
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Definition
| ______ is the production of RBC, utilizing ______ feedback, and using the hormone __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Blood clotting starts with formation of a _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| cascade activates _______, which Catalyzes formation of loose Fibrin from inactive Fibrinogen |
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Term
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Definition
| cascade activates _______, which is required to polymerize loose fibrin, in turn stabilizing it |
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Term
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Definition
Damaged endothelium (lining blood vessel) exposes _______ to blood, which
is the primary stimulus for both platelet plug formation and coagulation |
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Term
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Definition
| vertebrates have ______ circulatory systems |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ pump blood into arteries, away from the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| exchange occurs across _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ return blood to the atria |
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Term
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Definition
| ______ ensure one way flow of blood in heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when pressure is _______ behind the valve, it opens |
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Term
striated
(and has a contraction mechanism) |
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Definition
| like skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle is ______ |
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Term
Bifurcations (forks);
anastomoses
– Intercalated Disks
• Desmosomes
• Gap Junctions
Action potential mechanism
– Excitation-contraction |
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Definition
| unlike skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle has: |
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Term
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Definition
Proper sequence of excitation is crucial for proper sequence
of cardiac contraction (atria first THEN ________. |
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Term
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Definition
| Cardiac muscle action potential produced by _______ cells |
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