Term
|
Definition
| When there is one leaf per node. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2000 BC - 476 AD
Fossil evidence indicates that plants were affected by diseases 250 million years ago. Occurrence of plant disease has been recognized by humans since 2000 BC. The Bible and other writings mention diseases including blasts and blights associated with "famines on the wind". |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whorl of a flower consisting of stamens. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease causing yellow spots with a purplish outer ring, the centre of which may fall out. Not deadly, but may reduce flowering. Caused by an ascomycetes pathogen. Controlled by reducing water on leaves, and removal of infected leaves.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The "Father of Plant Pathology". First discovered that microorganisms could cause plant disease in 1861. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Invented the microscope in 1675. The first microscope was a lens which one held up to a candle with the specimen. The magnifying lens and microscope made detection of plant pathogenic fungi, nematodes, and bacteria possible. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which affects apples.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathogen that spreads by wind and water. Can cause anthracnose, tar spots, and grey mould. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the leaves are sessile, and wrap around the stem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Growing points at the nodes which are inhibited by the terminal bud. They may grow a new branch, a flower, or an inflorescence. Everything subtending an axillary bud is the leaf. Axillary buds may be used for winter identification of trees; they may have scales, hairs, or caps. |
|
|
Term
| Bacterial leaf blight of ginseng |
|
Definition
A disease which causes blight.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes wilt.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The leaves at the base of the plant. Plants with basal leaves include cowslip. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathogen which produces five different types of spores. An acronym for the spores produced is BPAUT. Can cause white pine blister rust, pear trellis rust, and hollyhock rust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes cankers.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes gall.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. Includes blight of red pine and bacterial leaf blight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes blight.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A fungicide used in the 1880s. A mixture of copper(II)sulfate (CuSO4)and slaked lime (Ca(OH)2). It was used to treat downy mildew of grapes. |
|
|
Term
| Botrytis bunch rot of grape |
|
Definition
A disease which causes rot.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease that causes black leaf spots, and brown fruit rot. Can cause mummy fruits to remain on the plant from last year. There is no effective fungicide for it.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rununculus bulbosus
A regular flower
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whorl of a flower consisting of sepals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Solidago canadensis
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. Bursts in the bark or external surface of the plant. Includes beech mark disease, and stem canker. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Developed the binomial system of nomenclature. He included fungi as plants. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pistil
Forms the gynoecium of a flower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Leaves on the stem of the plant. Plants with cauline leaves include downy yellow violet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes red lesions with bumps. Alternates hosts between apple and cedar. It grows through the leaf of the apple tree, forming teliohorns on the other side. Can cause early leaf drop. The spores can travel up to 10 km.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Divided leaf
When a leaf consists of more than one leaflet. There is no tissue between the sinus of a leaf lobe and the rachis. May be pinnate, twice pinnate, or palmate. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease causing dark brown lesions with yellow borders. Can reduce flowering.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the base of a leaf is concave like a heart. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whorl of a flower consisting of petals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Primula veris
A plant with basal leaves.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crown gall of eastern red cedar |
|
Definition
A disease which causes gall.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the base of a leaf is convex like a Y. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathogen which does not produce sexual spores. Can cause early blight. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Host + Symptoms + Google
Used to diagnose plant diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The easiest and hardest part of plant pathology. You must be able to identify the plant, and observe morphological and histological abnormalities on the plant. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there are teeth upon the teeth of a toothed margin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Viola pubescens
A plant with cauline leaves.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes lesions with concentric rings which can appear on leaves, stems, or fruit. Caused by a deuteromycetes pathogen. Spreads in crop residue, or by alternate hosts. Spores can enter through wounds, stomata, or by direct penetration of the plant. Control with fungicides in horticultural crops, and by improving air circulation.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An insect which kills ash trees. Originates from eastern Asia. It bores under the bark, and exits from D-shaped holes. Many ash trees were cut down to prevent its spread. There is a preventative treatment of insecticide injections near the base of the tree. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the edge of the leaf is smooth. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes many small lesions which may expand and join with each other. Controlled by pruning off the disease, and improving air circulation.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Physiological factors which can cause plant diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Investigation for cause or reason of something. Factors which could increase or decrease disease occurrence. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fraxinus excelsior
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rhamnus cathartica
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease that causes blackened and cracked leaves and stems, and Sheppard's hook. Caused by a bacterial pathogen, which is transmitted by bees; a sticky sweet fluid attaches to the insects, and contains bacteria. A tree damaged from fire blight can die from physical damage such as hail. If the infection reaches the roots, such as through a sucker, the tree can die. Controlled by removing suckers, cleaning equipment, and using resistant cultivars.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A stalk with whorls: calyx, corlla, androecium, and gynoecium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes wilt.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. Plant "cancer". Includes crown gall and black knot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A dark spot which may appear on the petiole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes flowers to bend over and to become grey. Can affect marigolds and tulips. It can kill the plant. Caused by an ascomycetes pathogen.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The whorl of a flower consisting of carpels. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease causing brown rot inside of wood. Usually the rot is localized in one part of the plant. Controlled by removing infected limbs, and avoiding pruning in the late fall when there are spores.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes orange pustules on the leaves. Leaves eventually turn grey and die. Monoecius; it affects only hollyhocks. Caused by a microcyclic rust basidiomycetes, which alternates between T and B type spores.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1000 BC, recommended use of sulfur to control plant diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In Ireland in 1845, potatoes were a major food crop, and outbreak of a late blight of potato caused 1 million people to die, and another million to emigrate from Ireland. Immigrants to Canada were quarantined on an island in the St. Lawrence to avoid spread of human diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowers with bilateral symmetry. Includes orchids, mints, and polygalas. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Everything subtending an axillary bud. All leaves have an axillary bud; if there is no axillary bud, then you may be looking at a leaflet of a compound leaf or a stipule. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lobes of a leaf may be pinnate as in an oak, or palmate as in a maple. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A cross of Morrow's honeysuckle and tartarian honeysuckle. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Disproved the theory of spontaneous generation in 1859. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1755, inoculated wheat seeds with dusk of smut, and the crop grew smutty. Many botanists still did not believe that the dust caused the smut. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| They were used in the 1990s. Very broad spectrum, but toxic. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Plant diseases were associated with the wrath of the gods, sins of the soul, cosmic factors, weather, wet weather causing "rot", famines following storms, a disturbance of plant development, noxious vapours, and tests of endurance. Blasts, mildews, and rusts were known, but not as distinct diseases. Grain smuts, corn smut, corn ear rot, peach leaf curl, and other diseases were present in various regions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects only one host. Includes hollyhock rust. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lonicera morrowii
It was crossed with tartarian honeysuckle.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Malva moschata
A regular flower.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Symphyotrichum novae-angliae
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Where leaves and axillary buds emerge from the stem. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pathogen which must keep its host alive. Includes powdery mildew. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there are two leaves per node. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound leaf where leaflets originate from a single point, resembling a hand. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of inflorescence. Flowers are on branched pedicels arising from axillary buds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Infectious organisms which can cause plant diseases. You can tell that it is a pathogen by signs of the pathogen. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Campanula persicifolia
A regular flower.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes bubbly structures on the bottom of the leaf. It is not very damaging to the plant. Caused by a basidiomycetes pathogen. Alternates hosts between pear and juniper, overwintering on juniper.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms the corlla of a flower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The "Father of Mycology". In 1729, described many new genera of fungi and their reproductive structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A compound leaf where leaflets originate from several points along a rachis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| There are over 400 thousand species of plant in the world, 7000 of which are used in agriculture. 30 species of plant supply 90% of the energy intake of the world's population. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any malfunctioning of host cells and tissues that results from continous irritation by a pathogenic agent or environmental factor, and leads to the development of symptoms. Some symptoms can include blights, cankers, spots, wilts, rots, and galls. Caused by biotic pathogens and abiotic disorders, both of which can produce symptoms. Impacts of plant disease include reduced quality and quantity of products, loss of food security, losses in natural resources, environmental, aesthetic, toxic, or medical losses, and social and economic impacts. Throughout history plant diseases have caused millions of people and animals to suffer and/or die; they are important comonents of human culture and history. Cultivated plants are vulnerable to plant diseases, and there is continuous introduction of new pathogens and strains. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The sceintific study of plant diseases caused by pathogens and environmental conditions. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which affects cucurbits. Causes white powdery texture on the upper surface of the leaf. Fruit size may decrease, and fruit may taste different. An obligate biotroph; the host is kept alive, adn cells are sucked at by the fungi with haustoria. Control with fungicides or sulfur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When it was introduced in Europe in 1450, it promoted interest in studying science. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Postulated by Robert Koch. The microorganism must be found in organisms suffering from the disease, but not in healthy organisms. It must be isolated from a diseased organism and grown in pure culture. The culture microorganism should cause disease when introduced into a healthy organism. The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased experimental host and identified as being identical to the original specific causative agent. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes rot. The msot common cause of death in potted plants. Caused by overwatering.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of inflorescence. Flowers are on pedicels arising from axillary buds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Flowers with radial symmetry. Includes bulbous buttercups, musk mallows, wild geraniums, and peach leaved bellflowers. |
|
|
Term
| Ring spot virus of papaya |
|
Definition
A disease which causes spots.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1665, published the first illustration of rust on a rose leaf. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In 1876, postulated proof of pathogenicity. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A festival that occurred in ancient Rome, held on April 25th. Its main ritual is to sacrifice a dog to the gods Robigo and Robigus, to protect grain fields from disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The Roman gods of cereal rusts. Robigalia is a festival dedicated to these gods. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. Includes botrytis bunch rot and Pythium root rot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The stalk on which flowers are held on plants with only basal leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease that causes browning on the edge of leaves. Caused by environmental factors such as drought and/or salt from winter maintenance.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms the calyx of a flower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes grey spots with a yellow border, and early leaf drop.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Bending of the stem into a cane-like shape. May be caused by fire blight, or by other factors. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indicates that a pathogen is causing the disease, not environmetnal conditions. Includes microscopic cells and/or reproductive structures visible "in mass". Some signs can be macroscopic. Seen with a sharp eye, hand lens, stereoscope, or microscope. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When a leaf consists of one leaflet. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which causes soft wood. Caused by bacteria and fungi. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of inflorescence. There is a solitary flower at the apex. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A type of inflorescence. Flowers are sessile on axillary buds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that organisms such as bacteria, flies, or mice can appear spontaneously from "vapours". It was finally laid to rest in 1859 by Louis Pasteur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. May be a spot or a ring. Includes tan spot and ring spot. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Forms the androecium of a flower. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes cankers.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A leaf-like structure at the base of a petiole. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes dark spots. Control with fungicides; difficult to control because it can be carried by a plant with no symptoms. Resistant cultures of strawberry are available.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sterilization of disease plant tissues to isolate plant pathogens. Sections of the margin of lesions is placed in 10% Clorox, and transferred with sterile forceps to tissue sections blotted with sterile paper towel, to remove Clorox excess. Then the sections are placed on a nutrient medium in a petri dish. If immersed correctly, only the patogen survives in the centre of teh section, and grows out of the tissue. A pure culture of the pathogen is obtained by sub-culturing a segment of the pathogen growth in the previous plate into a new plate with nutrient medium. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which causes spots.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease causing large black lesions that affects maples. Caused by an ascomycetes pathogen. Controlled by removing leaves with lesions, which produce spores.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Lonicera tatarica
It was crossed with Morrow's honeysuckle.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inhibits the growth of axillary buds. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
371 - 287 BC
The "Father of Botany". The first to study and write about plant diseases of trees, legumes, and cereals. Believed that cultivation of plants made them more susceptible to disease. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A corpse of a man from 400 BC found preserved in a Danish peat bog in 1950. He had spores of loose smut of barley in his stomach, suggesting early outbreaks of cereal diseases. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the edge of the leaf is serrated. The teeth may be rounded or pointy. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Populus tremuloides
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When the base of the leaf is flat like a T. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A pinnate compound leaf where the leaflets are smaller pinnate compound leaves. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fraxinus americana
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Pinus strobus
Has five needles per cluster.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A disease which affects white pine, and has alternate hosts including gooseberry. Caused by a basidiomycetes pathogen. Causes bright orange swells on white pine. Causes a large range of symptoms in alternate hosts, including necrotized spots and leaf drop.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A disease which causes soft woood which comes apart in strings. Makes the plant more susceptible to insects. It is difficult to identify the pathogen without a fruiting body. Control by removing infected limbs, protecting teh bark from abrasion, and cleaning pruning equipment to prevent infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| When there are more than two leaves per node. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Monarda fistulosa
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rubus occidentalis
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Geranium maculatum
A regular flower.
[image] |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A herbaceous plant, where the above-ground portions die with first frost every winter. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A book by Lawrence Newcomb for identifying wildflowers. It is assumed that you know what a goldenrod or an aster looks like; you cannot identify these using the initial key. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Salix sp. Aspirin comes from these trees. The winter axillary buds have caps. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A plant disease symptom. The xylem or the roots of the plant are damaged, leading to wilting. Includes fusarium wilt and banana xanthomonas wilt. |
|
|
