negative water potential

water moves to these places

-high solute concentration

-"low" water pressure

water moves from these places

-low solute concentration

-"high" water pressure

both passive in plants

-osmosis is water

-diffusion is solutes dissolved in water (move due to concentration gradient)

normal

less entropy, natural

soil has a high potential (low solutes) and roots have a low potential (high solutes) so water moves passively by osmosis into roots

-plant nutrients are pumped in actively (ATP)

symplast: intracellular - within cells

apoplast: extracellular - outside/between cells

evaporation of water through leaves

-creates low water potential in leaves

-now chain of low water potential gradient created from leaves, to xylem, to root hairs which causes water to be pulled through roots

important factors in water column in xylem

adhesion of water to xylem cell walls

cohesion of water to itself

-at night, evapotranspiration stops

-still active transport of solutes through roots

-this cause water to be pulled in too

-now high water potential in roots

-this high potential travels up through xylem to leaves and water leaves leaves as liquid (guttation)

1)where something is being produced (leaves)

2)where something is being used up (roots and shoots (new plant growth))

CO₂:absorbed by leaves through stomata

water: taken up through roots

minerals: taken up through rooots

all nutrients taken up through leaves

* these are plants that grow attached to another plant

C, O, N, H, K, Ca, Mg, P, S

Come On Now Harry, Kick Caroline's Magenta Phish Shirt

Cl, Fe, Mn, Cu

macro get used for cellular fxns and are used up quick

-a lot of micronutrients are recycled

plants without roots or transport systems (vascular tissue)

kelp, moss,

-must be aquatic, live in moist environments, or be small and then

1)-living organisms (worms, insects)

-mineral particles

-humus (decayed/decaying material)

2) hold in water, loss due to erosion is bad for plants

-in typical plant communities, many different types of plants, remove and replace nutrients in topsoil

-cultivated crops strip soil of nutrients because all same plants all competing for same nutrients, this makes topsoil susveptible to erosion

crop rotation

allow field to lie fallow

plowing under

fertilizing (N and K)

plants with symbiotic relationships with bacteria

fix N₂ into NH₃ (usable form)

-N₂ fixers live in nodules on legume roots, only function in anaerobic environment

-help plants grow in N2 poor soil

necessary for many plants to absorb phosphorous

-samll fungi with mutualistic relationship with green plant roots

-penetrate epidermal cells, transport minerals

-increase surface are of roots

-plants provide products of photosynthesis to _____

can obtain N₂ this way

-eat insects and other small animals

-have chlorophyll but can grow larger with carnivory

(bogs, volcanic clays, etc...)

plants may be used to remove harmful chemicals from the soil

-plants pull up lead and then are placed in landfills

type of phytoremediation

-pulls up bad stuff and lets it out through leaves but doesnt break it down

type of phytoremediation

-pulls up stuff and then breaks it down, releases as gas into air

synthesize their own high-energy compounds from low-energy inorganic raw materials

-photosynthesizers (use light energy)

-chemosynthesizers (use chemical energy)

1) non-autotrophic bacteria(the ones that don't photosynthesize): extracellular dig.

2) fungi: extracellular dig.

3) non-photosynthetic protists (amoeba, paramecium): intracellular dig

4) animals: both intra and extracellular dig.

types of nutrient procurement

saprophytic: live in/feed on dead organic matter

parasitic: live in/on other live organisms and feed on them

ingestive: (herbivores, carnivores, omnivores)

carbohydrates, fats, proteins, N and minerals (amino acids/nucleotides)

-carbs could be sole requirement for most animals

there are 8 that animals can't synthesize so they must consume them

-diets made up of only one type of protein may not consist of all AA (africa: corn, asia: rice)

-plant proteins differ from animal proteins

human digestive system suggests that...

-most animals need no fats b/c they can convert carbs to fats

-humans can't do this so we must consume some fats

-a no fat diet is very bad

vitamins

organic compounds required in small amounts by organisms that can't synthesize them (anything that's not lipids, proteins, carbs)

-they serve as enzymes or parts of coenzymes

-recyclable so not needed in larga amounts

A, D, E, K

-intact when you cook your food (resistant to heat)

-occur in association with lipids

-can be stored in fat tissue

C and B complex

-not associated with lipids

-necessary for cellular metabolism

-called B-complex because all are usually found in same foods

vitamin A

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

1) night blindness

2)animal fats

Vitamin D

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

1)distorted skeleton

2)sunlight

Vitamin E

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

1) male sterility

2) egg yolk

Vitamin K

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

1) slow blood clotting

2) green vegetables

B₁

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

Thiamine

1) mental confusion

2) nuts (be one of us, B1 nuts)

B₂

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

Riboflavin

1) conjunctivitis

2) eggs

B₆

1)deficiency symptom and 2)source

pyridoxine

1) convulsions

2) eggs

what do some bacteria do in our gut?

synthesize vitamins E, K and B-complex.

so, these vitamins not needed in diet

-antibiotics can wipe out these bacteria

can be saprophytic (eat dead organic matter) or parasitic (feed on live organic matter)

-must digest nutrients extracellularly then absorb them

-polysaccharides are broken down and absorbed across cell membrane of fungus through rhizoids

1) root-like structures on fungi

2) part of rhyzoid that enters plant cell and absorbs nutrients

-filter microscopic organisms (suspension feeders)

-clams, sponges, baleen whales

-clams/oyster feed on bacteria size and smaller

(bulk feeders)

break up larger foods by chewing/grinding

teeth/ gizzards (worms, birds)

-sometimes birds eat rocks and these rocks help grind stuff up in gizzards

parasites: absorb host fluids

hummingbirds: drink nectar

inside cell, protozoans

-amoebas do phagocytosis, engulf food with psuedopodia

-enclosed in food vacuole

-gets digested by enzymes in lysozymes

-excreted by exocytosis