Term
|
Definition
| direct physical contact between cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signal trasmitted across a gap by chemical neurotransmitters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
channels that allow ions to flow from one cell directly into another.
No delay, bidirectional
Coordinate the activity in groups of neurons (or glia)
Found in most brain regions |
|
|
Term
| ___ synapses use gap junctions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ___ synapses are slower than ___ synapses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 2 major mechanisms for vesicular release: |
|
Definition
- endocytosis
- kiss and run |
|
|
Term
| both endocytosis and kiss and run involve what processes? |
|
Definition
- docking: vesicles must bind to active zones in axon terminal
- priming: prepares vesicles for fusion
- fusion: vesicle joins with membrane and emptys contents into cleft |
|
|
Term
| what are SNARE proteins, specifically v-SNARE and t-SNARE? |
|
Definition
- SNARE proteins bring vesicle and axon membrane together
- v-SNARE: on the vesicle
- t-SNARE: on the target |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - acts on SNARE proteins to disrupt transmitter release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Synaptotagmin is a possible ___ sensor that triggers release of ___ . |
|
Definition
- calcium
- neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| what is a possible calcium sensor that triggers release of neurotransmitter? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| presynaptic voltage gated calcium channels are concentrated in ___ zones. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| calcium binding to ____ in the presynaptic cell causes fusion on neurotransmitter vesicle to membrane. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is endocytosis or kiss and run slower? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles fuse, collapse, and are retrieved as clathrin-coated pits (1 2 or 2’ 3’ 1) |
|
|
Term
| with endocytosis vesicles are retrieved as: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| vesicles don’t collapse, fuse and detach (1 2 3 4 5), vesicle is ready to be reused |
|
|
Term
| the main difference b/w endocytosis and kiss and run is? |
|
Definition
| - vesicles do NOT collapse with kiss and run |
|
|
Term
| classic neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
| amino acids, biogenic amines, and acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
| nontraditional neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
| peptides, purines, gases, lipids |
|
|
Term
| an ionotropic receptor is an ___ channel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| a metobotrophic receptor is a : |
|
Definition
| - G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) |
|
|
Term
| ionotrophic channels are ___ gated ___ channels |
|
Definition
| - ligand gated ion channels |
|
|
Term
| explain how a G-protein coupled receptor works: |
|
Definition
- neurotransmitter binds receptor that is coupled to an intracellular G protein
- G protein senses binding and sends intracellular messengers, or its own subunits to go open an ion channel so ions can flow through |
|
|
Term
| local changes in membrane potential are called: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Inhibitory Postsynaptic Potentials ___ the cell and decrease its probability of ___ ____. |
|
Definition
- hyperpolarize
- action potentials |
|
|
Term
| Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ___ cells and increase probability of an ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- depolarize
- action potential |
|
|
Term
| postsynaptic potentials are also called ___ potentials or ___ potentials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| postsynaptic potentials are usually generated in ___ or __ ___. |
|
Definition
- denddrites
- nerve endings |
|
|
Term
| a postsynaptic potential can be ___ or ____. |
|
Definition
- depolarizing
- hyperpolarizing |
|
|
Term
| post-synaptic potentials are ___, ___, and ____ conducted. |
|
Definition
- graded
- small
- passively conducted |
|
|
Term
| In the PNS and primary sensory neurons postsynaptic potentials are caused by ___ ___. In the CNS, post-synaptic potentials are caused by ___ release. |
|
Definition
- sensory transduction
- neurotransmitter release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| end plate potential associated with action in potential in MOTOR neuron |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| miniature end plate potential associated with spontaneous release of single vesicles of acetylcholine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| spontaneous release of ___ leads to mIPSPs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| EPSPs can be triggered directly by _____ receptors or indirectly by ____ receptors. |
|
Definition
- ionotropic
- metobotropic |
|
|
Term
| EPSPs are mediated by ___ ____ channels that are permeable to ___ and ___. |
|
Definition
- non-selective cation
- Sodium
- Potassium |
|
|
Term
| EPSPs ___ the postsynaptic cell. If this reaches threshold, then an __ ___ will be fired. |
|
Definition
- depolarize
- action potential |
|
|
Term
| IPSPs are mediated by ___ ___ channels for ___ or ___ ___ channels. |
|
Definition
- selective anion
- chloride
- selective potassium |
|
|
Term
| So EPSPs are mediated by ____ ___ channels permeable to ___, __, or ___. But IPSPs are mediated by ___ ___ ___ channels or __ ___ channels. |
|
Definition
EPSPS: non-selective cation channels permeable to potassim, sodium, or calcium
IPSPs: selective chloride anion channels or selective potassium channels |
|
|
Term
| Processes that affect where or not threshold is reached: |
|
Definition
Spatial summation (where it occurs)
Temporal summation (when it occurs)
Shunting (influences strength)
Voltage-gated Channels |
|
|
Term
| what effect will spatial summation have on two equivalent EPSPs. |
|
Definition
| - additive effect b/c they are independent of each other |
|
|
Term
| temporal summation of two adjacent EPSPs will also have the ___ effect b/c they occur at almost the same time. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| with shunting, ___ ___ does not happen b/c previous activity makes the membrane ___. This is because of a decrease in ___ ___ due to __ ___. |
|
Definition
- linear summation
- leaky
- membrane resistance
- open channels |
|
|
Term
| When EPSPS activate voltage gated __ and ___ channels on the dendrites and soma, the ___ and ___ of the receptor potentials are increased. |
|
Definition
- sodium
- calcium
- amplitude
- propogation |
|
|
Term
| critereia for a neurotransmitter: |
|
Definition
Present in synaptic terminal and made by the cell
Released by depolarization
Receptors present on postsynaptic membrane
Degradation and/or reuptake |
|
|
Term
| classical neurotransmitters that meet the neurotransmitter criteria: |
|
Definition
Acetylcholine
Amino Acids: Glutamate, Gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), Glycine
Biogenic amines: Serotonin (5-HT), Histamine, Dopamine (DA), Norepinephrine (NE), Epinephrine (Epi) (Catecholamines) |
|
|
Term
| non traditional neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
Purines: ATP, Adenosine
Peptides: large list including hormones, opioid peptides, tachykinins, etc., etc.
Gases: Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO)
Lipids: Cannabinoids |
|
|
Term
| the effect on the postsynaptic cell is determined by the ___ that it expresses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| classical neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
Synthesized and packaged in axon
Synthesized in active form
Packaged in small, clear vesicles
Released into synaptic cleft
Reuptake (transporter) system
Usually has short latency and duration effects |
|
|
Term
| loss of brain ___ neurons is associated with Alzheimers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in the CNS, acetylcholine is associated with: |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| acetylcholine is used in the ___ ___ and the ___ ___ __. |
|
Definition
- neuromuscular junction
- autonomic nervous system |
|
|
Term
| Acetylcholine is made by ___ ___ ____. It binds to __ and ___ receptors. It is degraded by ___ ___ and choline is taken back up into presynaptic cell via ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- choline-acetyl transferase
- muscarine
- nicotinic
- acetylcholine esterase
- choline transporters |
|
|
Term
| what is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the CNS? |
|
Definition
- glutamate
- used in all CNS systems |
|
|
Term
| excess extracellular ___ can cause cell death. examples of this include ___ and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- glutamate
- stroke
- Huntington's chorea |
|
|
Term
| glutamate is made by ____ and transported into vesicles by _____. Its reuptake is performed by ___ ___ ___ ___ on neurons and glia. |
|
Definition
- glutaminase
- vGLUTs= vesicular glutamate transporter
- excitatory amino acid transporters (EAATs) |
|
|
Term
| there are 3 main ____ receptors for glutamate. They are: |
|
Definition
Ionotropic
- Kainate and AMPA- nonspecific cation channels
- NMDA: blocked by magnesium at resting membrane potential, cell must be depolarized to remove Mg+2. also needs glysine to bind. permeable to calcium.
- metabotropic: mGluRs
- type 1: postsynaptic
- type II and III: presynaptic |
|
|
Term
| list the 3 types of ionotropic glutamate receptors: |
|
Definition
- Kainate and AMPA
- NMDA
- Metabotropic |
|
|
Term
| Kainate and AMPA are glutamate receptors that are ___ ___ channels. |
|
Definition
| nonspecific cation channels |
|
|
Term
| NMDA is a glutamate receptor that is normally blocked by ____ until ___ remove this. This receptor also requires ___ to bind. This receptors is permeable to ___. |
|
Definition
- Mg+2
- depolarization
- glycine
- calcium |
|
|
Term
| explain metabotropic glutamate receptors: |
|
Definition
aka mGluRs
- type I: postsynaptic
- type II and III: presynaptic |
|
|
Term
| ___ is the main inhibitory transmitter in the CNS. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| GABA is effected by ___, ___, ___, ____. All of these increase its inhibitory effects. |
|
Definition
- anesthetics
- benzodiazepines
- steroids
- alcohol |
|
|
Term
| GABA is made from ___ via what enzyme? |
|
Definition
- glutamine
- Glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) |
|
|
Term
| GABA has ____ and ___ pre and post synaptic receptors. It also has transporters on the ___ and __. |
|
Definition
- ionotropic
- metabotropic
- neurons
- glia |
|
|
Term
| GABA is degraded by ____-____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the two types of ionotropic GABA receptors? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the difference between the two ionotropic GABA channels? |
|
Definition
| Both GABAa and GABAc are chloride channels, but a has binding sites for barbiturates and benzodiazepines, and c is unaffected by benzodiazepines |
|
|
Term
| what is the GABA metabotropic receptor? |
|
Definition
- GABAb:
- postsynaptic
- presynaptic |
|
|
Term
| describe the postsynaptic metabotropic GABAb receptor: |
|
Definition
| - postsynaptic GABAb- activates K+ channels, thus causing hyperpolarization |
|
|
Term
| describe the metabotropic presynaptic GABAb receptor: |
|
Definition
| - inhibits calcium channels, blocking release of neurotransmitter |
|
|
Term
| serotonin is also called: |
|
Definition
| 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT) |
|
|
Term
| serotonin is made from ___ by _______ and ___ ___ ___ _____. |
|
Definition
- tryptophan
- tryptophan5-hydroxylase
- aromatic amino acid decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| serotonin has __ receptors, 1 ionotropic (5-HT3), and the rest are all ____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The reuptake mechanism for serotonin is the serotonin transporter, this is the target for ___ drugs. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| serotonin is degraded by ___ ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are the three catecholamines? |
|
Definition
- dopamine
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine |
|
|
Term
| epinephrine is aka as ___. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All three of the catecholamines are made from ___ by ___ ___ and ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- tyrosine
- tyrosine hydroxylase
- DOPA decarboxylase |
|
|
Term
| list order of synthesis of catecholamines: |
|
Definition
| tyrosine >>(tyrosine hydroxylase)>> DOPA>>> (DOPA decarboxylase)>> dopamine>> (dopamine beta hydroxylase)>> norepinephrine>>(phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase)>> epinephrine |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme makes NE from dopamine? |
|
Definition
| - dopamine beta hydroxylase (DBH) |
|
|
Term
| what enzyme makes Epi from NE? |
|
Definition
| - phenylethanolamine-N-methyl transferase (PNMT) |
|
|
Term
| what 2 major systems of the CNS is dopamine in? |
|
Definition
- substantia nigra compacta: voluntary movements
- ventral tegmental area (VTA): involved in affect, attention and reward |
|
|
Term
| ___ system has been linked to schizophrenia and drug addiction. |
|
Definition
| VTA- ventral tegmental area |
|
|
Term
| most NE in the CNS comes from the ___ ____ and is involved in ___. |
|
Definition
- locus coeruleus
- arousal |
|
|
Term
| How are peptide neurotransmitters different from classical neurotransmitters? |
|
Definition
Synthesized in cell body, transported to axon
Cleaved from polypeptide that contains other active fragments
Stored in large, electron dense vesicles
Action stopped by proteolysis or diffusion (no reuptake)
Produce longer postsynaptic effects (all receptors are metabotrophic) |
|
|
Term
| peptide neurotransmitters have all ___ receptors and have ___ effects than classical neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| peptides can enhance or reduce effects of classical neurotransmitters. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vesicles with peptide hormones are not restricted to the ___ zone at synapses and may be released from other parts of cell. this is different than how classical neurotransmitters work. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| list some classes and examples of peptide neurotransmitters: |
|
Definition
Tackykinin family
Substance P = used in primary sensory neurons especially in pain systems
Hypothalamic hormones
Vasopressin (ADH), Oxytocin, Somatostain
Others
Hypocretins/Orexins, Brain natriuretic peptide, Insulin
Opioid peptides |
|
|
Term
| opiates are synthetic or natural chemicals used for pain relief, examples include __, ___, ___. these are all blocked by ___. |
|
Definition
- morphine
- codeine
- fentanyl
all blocked by naloxone |
|
|
Term
| opiod peptides are naturally made in the CNS and bind to the following receptors: |
|
Definition
- Enkephalins
- Endorphins
- Dynorphins |
|
|
Term
| opioid peptides are made in the ___ ____, transported to the axon in ___, released by ___, interact with post and presynaptic receptors, ___ from the synapse, and are degraded by ___. |
|
Definition
- cell body
- vesicles
- endocytosis
- diffuse
- proteolysis |
|
|
Term
| opiod peptides are found in the __ and ___, they bind to a family of ___ receptors, they produce __ ___ and inhibit activity of ___ ___ ___ in the ___ system. |
|
Definition
- CNS and PNS
- metabotropic
- pain relief
- primary sensory neurons
- pain |
|
|
Term
| what are the 2 main lipid soluble gas neurotranmitters? |
|
Definition
| NO (nitric oxide) and MO (carbon monoxide) |
|
|
Term
| characteristics of gas transmitters: |
|
Definition
They aren’t stored in vesicles
They don’t have traditional receptors
They are also made by glia and blood vessels
NO is best characterized |
|
|
Term
| NO is made from ____ by ___ ___, which is activated by ___. Thus activated of __ __ ___ channels can lead to ___ production. |
|
Definition
L-arginine
NO synthase
calcium
- voltage gated calcium channels, NO |
|
|
Term
| when NO leaves the cell it activates __ ___ which is a ___ messenger that increases NO release. |
|
Definition
- guanylate cyclase
- retrograde |
|
|
Term
| Cannabinoids are a family of ___ __ that mimic effects of _______. |
|
Definition
- fatty acids
- delta 9 tetrahydrocannibinol (THC) |
|
|
Term
| cannabinoids are similar to gas transmitters in that their synthesis is ___ dependent and they __ ___ stored in vesicles. |
|
Definition
- calcium
- are not stored in vesicles |
|
|
Term
| Cannabinoids have ___ receptors. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the cannabinoid synapse, their precursors are part of the ___ __ in the postsynaptic cell, and increases in ___ in the postsynaptic cell activates their synthesis. Cannabinoids act as ___ messengers to ___ release of neurtransmitters. A transporter moves them away from the synapse. Cannabinoids are degraded in the postsynaptic cells by ___ ___ ___ ___. |
|
Definition
- cell membrane
- calcium
- retrograde
- inhibit
- fatty acid amide hydroxylase (FAAH) |
|
|
Term
| so a neurotransmitter released from the presynaptic cell binds to the postsynaptic cell causing depolariztion and increased calcium in the postsynaptic cell. the increased calcium triggers synthesis of cannabinoid synthesis in the cannabinoid synapse. In this synapse the cannabinoid inhibit the presynaptic cell from making more neurotranmitter. then the postsynaptic cell takes it back up and it is degraded by fatty acid amide hydroxylase (FAAH). |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what areas of the brain are cannabinoid transmitters found? |
|
Definition
- limbic system
- basal ganglia
- cerebellum
- pain pathways
- hypothalamus |
|
|
Term
| physiological effects of cannabinoids: |
|
Definition
- pain relief
- increased appetite
- inhibits nausea |
|
|
Term
| pharm people are working on FAAH inhbitors and cannabinoid agonsists |
|
Definition
|
|
