high K+ inside

high Na+ outside

high Cl- outside

blood plasma

cytosol

interstitual fluid

diffusion

net flux

movement of particles from hi to lo concentration

net flux is diffusion rate

decreases with more mass

increases with more heat

decreases with more length

increases with a greater concentration gradient

5-8kj/min

80 kj/min

osmoles

osmolarity

osmoles: total quantity of solute particles in solution

osmolarity: osmoles/liter H20

isosmotic

hyperosmotic

hyposmotic

iso: same osmolarity

hyper: higher osmolarity

hypo: lower osmolarity

isotonic

hypertonic

hypotonic

iso: solution with no effect on cell volume

hypertonic: solution has higher osmolarity and therefore draws water out of the cell

hypotonic: solution has lower osmolarity and therefore loses H20 to the cell

large uncharged molecules

charged molecules and ions

glycoprotien

glycolipid

where are they usually found?

glycoprotein is a protein with a carbohydrate attached to it

glycolipid is the same thing but a lipid instead of protein

they are found in the plasma membrane.

extracellular

intracellular

what are the proteins called that are in the plasma membrane?

what are the main two types?

intrinsic membrane proteins

1. Type 1: don't go all the way through

2. Type 2: transmembrane protein.

rate of diffusion α = available surface area*concentration gradient

                                          membrane resistance*membrane thickness

small unpolar: o2, co2

small/polar: ethanol

large/slightly polar: lipids and fatty acids

facilitated diffusion: utilizes energy store in a concentration gradient

active transport: requires atp

types of facilitated diffusion proteins

describe what they do

carrier proteins: the solute hits the extracellular part of the protein. causes conformation change where the protein "accepts" the solute and then lets it go through into the cell.

channel proteins: proteins lined with hydrophillic groups to allow polar and charged things through freely

most prominent example of a carrier protein

how it works...briefly

protein in the body that accepts glucose from capillaries and lets it into the cell with insulin.

after the glucose-insulin hits the carrier protein and is accepted into the cell, it is phosphorylized by glucokinase into g6p

what is the most prominent example of a channel protein?

which direction do the molecules move through the channel?

Sodium/Potassium leak channel

Na moves into the cell

K moves out of the cell

Gated Channels

types

These can be active or facilitated diffusion.

It's a channel that opens in response to a stimulus.

types: voltage gated, ligand gated, phosphorylation gated

CC=conformation change

1. 3 Na from the cytosol hit the α unit of the protein causing CC1

2. CC1 allows ATP to phosphorylate the α subunit causing CC2

3. CC2 kicks the 3 Na out of the cell making room for the next step

4. 2 K+ are accepted into the α subunit

5. The acceptance of the 2 K+ allows the protein to lose the Pi group attached to it from step 2

6. Losing the Pi group lets the 2K+ into the cytosol

what counteracts the Na+ K+ pump?

secondary active transport

two types and example of each

atp is not direcly used in the transportation, but it is used to create the electrochemical gradient

symport: two molecule going in the same direction (Na+/glucose go INTO the cell)

antiport: two molecules moveing in opposite directions

(K+ movint OUT of cell, Na+ moving INTO cell)

what are the 3 ways in which Ca2+ is transported around and in and out of a cell?

What are the comparative concentrations of Ca2+ inside and outside of a cell?

Ca2+ is transported into the smooth endoplasmic reticulum via a Ca2+ATPase. This requires atp...obviously.

The Ca2+ATPase is also used to ship Ca2+ out of a cell

A Na+ Ca2++ countertransport or antiport is also used to ship shitloads of Ca2++ out of a cell.

Ca2+ concentrations are higher outside of a cell.