Term
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Definition
| The study of body function |
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Term
| Identify the different levels of organization within the human body |
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Definition
| Atoms --> molecules --> Cells -->Tissues --> Organs --> Organ Systems --> Organisms |
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Term
| The name for daily fluctuations of body functions such as blood pressure, temperature and metabolic processes is a(n) __________. |
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Definition
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Term
| When you stir sugar into your tea, which of these best describes sugar? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which term best describes a solution with pH less than 7? |
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Definition
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Term
| Exocrine cells in the pancreas produce digestive enzymes (i.e Proteins). Which organelle would you expect to find in large numbers within these cells? |
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Definition
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum |
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Term
| Which 2 systems are the primary control systems of the body? |
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Definition
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Term
| In a(n) _____ bond, electrons are shared between atoms. If the electrons are attracted more strongly to one atom than to the other, the molecule is said to be a(n) ______ molecule. If the electrons are evenly shared, the molecule is said to be a(n) ______ molecule |
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Definition
| Covalent, Polar, Non-polar |
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Term
| The disappearance of ______ junctions occurs when cancerous cells metastasize. |
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Definition
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Term
| Knowing that the first step in the the digestion of polysacchrarides yields disaccharides, what is the product of the first digestion step when you eat a large plate of pasta (i.e. Starch)? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of working energy? |
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Definition
| Chemical work, Transport work, Mechanical work |
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Term
| What type of energy is involved in the making and breaking of bonds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 2 forms energy comes in? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between potential energy and stored energy? |
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Definition
| Kinetic energy is the energy of motion- something is happening. Potential energy is stored energy - something is waiting to happen |
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Term
| Name two ways animals store energy in their bodies |
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Definition
| In chemical bonds and in concentrarion gradients |
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Term
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Definition
| A state of disorder or randomness |
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Term
| How do chemical reactions get started? |
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Definition
| The energy required to initiate a reaction is known as activation energy |
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Term
| What happens to the free energy of the products and reactants during a reaction? |
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Definition
| The difference in free energy between reactants and products is the net free energy change of reaction |
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Term
| If the free energy of the products is lower than the free energy of the reactants, what type of reaction is this? |
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Definition
| The reaction releases energy and is called an exergonic reation |
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Term
A diver stands on top of the platform of a second and then dives into the water below in an exquisite somersault. Which of the following is/are TRUE?
a) Kinetic energy is transformed to potential energy
b) Potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy
c) None of the above is true
d) Both A and B are true |
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Definition
| b) Potential energy is transformed to kinetic energy |
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Term
| The aerobic metabolism of one molecule of glucose yields _______ ATP. |
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Definition
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Term
| Your friend is on a low carbohydrate diet, but still consumes adequate amounts of lipids and proteins to match her caloric needs. What is the most likely outcome? |
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Definition
| Your friend's gluconeogenic pathway will be very active to maintain blood glucose |
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Term
| Your friend is competing in an intense ultimate frisbee match, which involves several shorts 5-8 second maximal sprints, a type of exercise where oxygen is limiting. Where does the energy required primarily come from? |
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Definition
| The energy required primarily comes from carbohydrates, through the glycolytic pathway |
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Term
| What is de novo lipogenesis? |
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Definition
| De novo lipogenesis synthesizes fatty acids from acetyl-CoA coming from glycolysis |
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Term
| In the reversible reaction A + B ⇄ C + D, adding an abundance of A will ______________ |
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Definition
| tend to drive the forward reaction to make more C and D |
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Term
| The process by which organisms extract energy from nutrients and make or break down molecules is called ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| The second law of thermodynamics states that ________. |
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Definition
| Natural, spontaneous processes tend to move from a state of order to a state of disorder, or entropy |
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Term
| After some modification, molecules such as vitamin C and biotin become __________, which are required for various metabolic reactions. |
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Definition
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Term
| The characteristic by which an enzyme reacts with only, limited, selected substrate is referrred to as the enzymes ___________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What results in an oxidized molecule? |
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Definition
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Term
| Transcrition occurs in the ___________ of the cell. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cells regulate their metabolic pathways? |
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Definition
| Cells regulate metabolism by isolating enzymes with intracellular organisms |
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Term
| what is the total body water of the 70kg reference man? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- The breakdown of large biomolecules.
- Reactions release energy |
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Term
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Definition
- The synthesis of large biomolecules.
- Reactions utilize energy |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy released from/stored in chemical bonds of metabolism |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where does glycolysis occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net energy release of aerobic glycolsis ? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net energy release of anaerobic glycolsis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| In aerobic conditions, pyruvate is transported into the mitochondria and converted to Acetyl-CoA, which then feeds into the citric acid cycle |
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Term
| Where does the citric acid cycle occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the input needed for The Citric Acid Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end product of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net energy yield of the citric acid cycle? |
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Definition
| 3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 ATP x2 |
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Term
| Electron Transport System |
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Definition
| The transfer of energy from high energy electrons of NADH & FADH2 to ATP |
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Term
| Where does the electron transport system occur? |
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Definition
| The inner mitochondiral membrane |
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Term
| What input is needed for the electron transport system to run? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end product of the electron transport system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the net energy yield of the electron transport system |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of glycogen |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of an amino acid group from a molecule |
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Term
| Deamination in the case of a protein |
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Definition
| The removal of ammonia and organic acid |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of lipids for energy |
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Term
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Definition
| The process of disassembling fatty acids into 2 carbon units, one unit at a time |
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Term
| Amino acids are stored as __________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Glucose is stored as ___________ |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycerol and fatty acids are stored as ____________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 3 types of work energy can preform? |
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Definition
| Chemical. transport, and mechanical |
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Term
| What are the two types of energy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two ways energy can be stored in biological systems? |
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Definition
| Concentration gradients and chemical bonds |
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Term
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Definition
Enables cells and organisms to grow, reproduce and carry out normal activities.
EX. Forming the chemical bonds of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
Enables cells to move molecules to create concentration gradients.
EX. Import of Ca+ from/to the cytosol in the ER |
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Term
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Definition
Used for muscular movement (cellular and muscle-related)
EX. Muscle contration |
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Term
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Definition
| When a substance becomes a different substance, usually by the making/breaking of covalent bonds |
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Term
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Definition
| Energy stored in muscle & liver, it has several chemical bonds and high potential energy and is very efficient energy storage |
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Term
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Definition
Whether the products have a lower or higher free energy than
the reactants. |
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Term
| What deterines reversibility? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The energy required to initiate a reaction |
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Term
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Definition
Energy is stored in products
Energy + A + B --> C + D |
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Term
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Definition
Energy is released
A + B --> C + D + Energy |
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Term
| If the free energy of the products is lower than the free energy of the reactants, the reaction is |
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Definition
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Term
| If the the free enerfy of the products is higher that the free energy of the reactants, the reaction is |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Doesn't proceed spontaneously or proceeds to slowly to be useful |
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Term
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Definition
| Proceeds spontaneously when reactances are brought together |
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Term
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Definition
| Enzymes are proteins that decrease the activation energy needed for the reaction and therefore increase the rate of reaction. |
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Term
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Definition
| The reactants in enzymatically catalyzed reactions |
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Term
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Definition
- An inorganic or nonprotein organic molecule required for activation of proteins.
- Alter the enzymes binding site |
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Term
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Definition
- Organic cofactors for enzymes
- Do not alter the enzyme's binding site but act as receptors for atoms or fxl groups removed from subtrates during a reaction |
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Term
| 3 factors that affect reaction rate |
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Definition
1. Changes in temperature
2. The amount of enzyme present
3. Substrate concentration |
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Term
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Definition
- In the case of reversible reactions, the law of mass action applies.
- When a reaction reaches equilibrium, the ratio of products and substrates remain constant |
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Term
| Why is the law of mass action important in physiology? |
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Definition
| Because adding/removing participants in a chemical reaction elicts a chain reaction effect that changes concentrations later in the reaction |
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Term
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Definition
| Synthesises fatty acids from acetyl-CoA coming from glycolysis |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the nucleus. During transcription, genetic information is transferred from DNA to mRNA |
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Term
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Definition
| Occurs in the cytoplasm. During translation, the coded information in mRNA is used to assemble a protein. |
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Term
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Definition
| The breakdown of glycogen into glycolysis intermediates |
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Term
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Definition
- The synthesis of glycogen from glucose
- The reverse process of glycogen breakdown |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of glucose from non-glucose precursors such as proteins or glycerol portions of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| The production of lipids by combining glycerol + FA in the SER |
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Term
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Definition
| The electrical potential created by living cells due to uneven distribution of ions between the intracellular and extracellular fluids |
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Term
| What is the major cation in the intracellular membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major cation in the extracellular membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the major anion in the extracellular membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Reaction in which the forward and reverse rates of the reaction are equal so that there is no net change in the concentrations of products or reactants |
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Term
| What are the 2 factors that influence a cell's membrane potential? |
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Definition
1. The concentration gradients of different ions across the membrane
2. The permeability of the membrane to those ions |
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Term
| Membrane potential increasing? |
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Definition
| Value of Vm moving away from ground value of 0, becoming more negative |
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Term
| Membrane potential decreasing? |
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Definition
| Vaule of Vm moving closer to ground value of 0, becoming less negative. |
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Term
| Entry of Ca2+ or Na+ ____________ the cell. (membrane potential is more ____________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Entry of Cl- ________________ the cell (membrane potential is more _______________) |
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Definition
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Term
| Entry of more K+ ______________ the cell till it reaches ___________________ |
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Definition
| hyperpolarizes; equilibrium potential (Ek) |
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Term
| Entry of less K+ _________________ the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Ion(s) have an electrochemical gradient favouring movement into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which Ion(s) have an electrochemical gradient favouring movement out of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The membrane potential where there is no net movement of the ion across the membrane |
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Term
| What is the equilibrium potential of Na+? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equailibrium potential of K+? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the resting membrane potential of a "typical cell"? |
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Definition
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Term
| at -70mV the cell is said to be ___________. As the membrane potential gets closer to 0, it is said to be _______________. If it returns to it's resting valuem it is said to be ________________. |
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Definition
| polarized; depolarized; repolarized |
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Term
| If the membrane potential becomes more negative than the cell at rest it is said to be ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane potential becomes less negative and therefore the potential difference between the inside and outside of the cell decreases. |
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Term
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Definition
| A return to resting potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane becomes more negative and therefore the potential difference between the inside and the outside of the cell increases |
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Term
| What are the 3 basic parts of a control system? |
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Definition
| Input signal, controller, output signal |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of regulated variable and specialized sensor |
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Term
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Definition
| programed to respond to certain input signals (acts as intergating centre to initiate response to maintain homeostasis, often a neuron or endocrine cell) |
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Term
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Definition
| Consists of effectors which effect the change to occur |
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Term
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Definition
| charges in a cells membrane potential |
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Term
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Definition
| Molecules secreted by cells into extracellular fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells that respond to electrical or chemical signals |
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Term
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Definition
| Allow direct cytoplasmic transfer of electrical and chemical signals between adjacent cells |
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Term
| Contact-dependant Signals |
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Definition
| Occur when surface molecules on one cell cell membrane bind to surface molecules on another cell's membrane |
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Term
| Long-distance communication |
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Definition
| Uses a combination of chemical and electrical signals carried by nerve cells and chemical signals transported in the blood. |
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Term
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Definition
| Membrane-spanning proteins formed by gap junctions on two adjacent cells |
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Term
| Which form of communication is the only in which electrical signals can pass directly from cell-to-cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cell communication occurs in the immune system and during growth and development? |
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Definition
| Contact-dependant signalling |
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Term
| Cell Adhesion Molecules (CAM) |
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Definition
| Known for their role in cell-to-cell adhesion, but have also been shown to act as receptors in cell-to-cell signaling . CAMs transfer signals in both directions across cell membranes |
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Term
| Local communication takes place through ______ and ________ signaling |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a chemical that acts on cells in the immediate vicinity of the cell that secreted the signal |
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Term
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Definition
| A chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it |
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Term
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Definition
| Chemicals secreted by neurons |
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Term
| Why do some cells respond to a chemical signal while other cells ignore it? |
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Definition
| A cell can respond to a particular chemical signal only if the cell has the appropriate receptor protein to bind that signal |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which the extracellular signal molecule activates a membrane receptor that in turn alters intracellular molecules to create a response |
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