Term
| Types of Pain and 3 types of Characteristics |
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Definition
-Fast: .1 sec; sharp; not in deep tissues
-Slow: 1sec or more; chronic, throbbing, burning, aching; skin and deep in tissues |
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Term
| 3 Types of Stimuli to excite Pain Receptors, aka Free Nerve Endings |
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Definition
| Mechnical, Thermal, and Chemical |
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Term
| What stimuli does fast pain use? Slow? |
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Definition
-Mechanical and Thermal
-Mechanical Thermal and Chemical |
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Term
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Definition
Bash Pap
-BradyKinn, Acids, Serotonin, Histamine
-Potassium, AcH, Proteolytic Enzymes |
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Term
| Pain is Correlated with... |
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Definition
RATE of tissue damage, not TOTAL.
Explains Bell Shape Curve |
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Term
| Dual Pathways, composed of? |
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Definition
Fast and Slow pathways for brain
Fast: small A* fibers to peripherial nerves at 6-30m/sec
Slow: C fibers to spinal cord at .3-2m/sec |
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Term
| Where does Fast pathway go once in thalamus? Slow? |
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Definition
Fast: Somatosensory Areas using gultamate and neospinothalmic
Slow: Stays centralized near pons, medulla, midbrain, etc. using Paleospinothamic and Substance P. |
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Term
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Definition
| Suppress input of pain signals to NS. Explains why each person vaires in pain reaction |
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Term
| Components of Analgesisa system and how it works. |
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Definition
Also know as Opiate System. Enkephalins and Endorphins are Morphine like substances suppress pain in TWO areas: 1-Spinal Cord 2-Raphe Nucleus
*Similiar to Anterolateral System because it crosses over early in spinal cord |
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Term
| Most Important Opiates and Locations |
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Definition
Again, are Enkephalins and Endorphins (Morphine-like) composed of...BadMotherDentalLover
1)B-endorphin - Hypothalmus
2)Met-enkephalin - Brainstem/spinal cord
3)Dynorphin - Dorsal Horns
4) Leuenkephalin - Brainstem/spinal cord |
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Term
| How is Inhibition of Pain by Simultaneous Tacticle Sensory achieved? |
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Definition
When Stimulate peripheriial tacticle receptors such as Large AB, it does LATERAL INHIBITION in spinal cord.
*Explains why Rubbing near pain, relieves it. |
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Term
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Definition
| Feel pain in remote area from cause -> viseral nerves |
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Term
| What is a Headache and what Two Main Types? |
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Definition
Pain on surface and deep in structures of Cranial.
1) From inside [Intracranial]
2) From outside [Extracranial] |
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Term
| Properties of Intracranial |
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Definition
Saints Mess up the TouchDown.
Sinuses of venous
Mengines
Tentorium
Dura |
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Term
| Types of Intracranial Headaches |
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Definition
Fudge My Crappy MAP
1)Flotation is removed = stretches dura
2) Menigitis = inflammed meninges, dura, and v. sinuses
3) Constipation
4) Migraine
5) Alcohol
6) Pressure of Cerebralspinal Fluid down by 20ml |
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Term
| How does Constipation affect? Migrane? |
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Definition
1) Sensory Tracts in Spinal Cord are cut or toxic products changes circulatory system of body
2) vascular abnormality and prolonged artery tension |
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Term
| How Does Migranes effect Headaches |
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Definition
| Vascular abnormal and/or prolong artery tension |
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Term
| 3 Types of Extracranial Origins |
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Definition
1) Muscle Spasm
2) Nasal Sys irritated/infected
3) Eye Disorders |
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Term
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Definition
Focusing is hard/difficult
Reflex Spasm
Excessive light rays, i.e. UV |
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Term
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Definition
1) Cold
2) Heat
3) Cold-Pain and Heat-Pain |
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Term
| Pathway of Receptors and Neural Fxn of Retina |
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Definition
| Light rays -> lens sys -> vitreous humor ->retina -> excitation of rods/cones -> signals transmitted through nerons -> optic nerve/cerebral cortex |
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Term
| *note, light must move through quite a bit of "muck" to get to the rods and cones. What are the "MUCK" |
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Definition
| bipolar cells , amararine, and horizontal cells |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the melanin in the pigmented layer. |
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Definition
| Its black to absorb light so that eye doesn't reflect. Also there's a lot of Vit-A in pigmented layer too. |
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Term
| Rods and Cones have same fxn but... |
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Definition
| different spectral sensitivity. |
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Term
| Major Functional Segments of the Eye |
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Definition
1) Outer segment
2) Inner segment
3) Synaptic body |
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Term
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Definition
-Conjugated proteins of Rhodopsin(rods) and Color Pigments(cones).
-transmembrane protein
-40%of entire mass |
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Term
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Definition
| -The Usuaul cytoplasmic organelles (i.e. mitochondria) |
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Term
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Definition
| Connects with subsequent neuronal cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Precursor for Rods and Cones synthesis. |
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Term
| Photo-chemistry of Vision |
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Definition
-Decomposition of rods and cones when exposed to light.
-excite nerve fibers
-Light sensitive chemcicals (Rhodopsin and Cones). |
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Term
| Is it hyper or depolarization when excite rods |
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Definition
Hyperpolariziation.
Which means its going to be more negative inside. |
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Term
| How Does Rhodopsin Cause Hyperpolarization |
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Definition
| Decreases rod membrane conductance for sodium ions -> so when light, cGMP blocks sodium channels, when dark, cGMP opens channels. |
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Term
| Phototransduction in the Outer Segment |
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Definition
| Light hits Rhodopsin -> G-Protein Transducin -> cGMP Phosphodiesterase which splits cGMP ->5'GMP and closes Na gated sodium channels. |
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Term
| Photopsins and Scotopsins |
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Definition
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Term
Colorsensitive pigments of cones = ?
photochemicals in cones =? |
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Definition
-combination of retinal and photopsin
-chemical composition of rhodopsin in rods |
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Term
| Neural Function of Retina: Rods and Cones |
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Definition
| transmit to OUTER PLEXIFORM layer to synapse with BIPOLAR and HORIZONTAL cells |
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Term
| Neural Function of Retina: Horizontal cells |
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Definition
| -outer plexiform to bipolar cells |
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Term
| Neural Function of Retina: Bipolar cells |
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Definition
| -rods and cones and horizontal cells to ganglion cells and amacrine [plexiform layer] |
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Term
| Neural Function of Retina: Amacrine |
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Definition
-2 directions:
1)bipolar to ganglion
2)within plexiform layer (bipolar to ganglion or amacrine) |
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Term
| Neural Function of Retina: Ganglion |
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Definition
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Term
| What are inhibitory, excitatory neurotransmitters of Retinal Neurons |
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Definition
Inhibitory: GABA Glycine, Dopaminee, AcH
Excite: Glutamate
*note: AcH can be both....but in the diagram, was inhibit |
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Term
| There are two Types of Transmission of Signals in Retinal Neurons |
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Definition
1) Action potential uses Ganglion
2) Electrotonic Conduction uses electricity.. |
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Term
| What are Electronic Conduction |
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Definition
| Electrical currents from dendrites. Its importance because it allows us CONTROL, while Action Potentials, once it starts, it doesn't stop! |
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Term
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Definition
| Optic Nerve -> cross at optic chiasm ->optic tracts -> dorsal lateral geniculate (thalamus) -> GenicuLocalCarine fibers -> visual cortex -> calcarine fissure |
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Term
| Fixation Movements of Eyes |
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Definition
1) Voluntary: Premotor cortical of Frontal Lobes
2) Involuntary: secondary visual of occipital cortex |
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Term
| Visual Pathway to Other Body Areas |
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Definition
| Circadian rhythms (phsyiolcogical changes of night and day) |
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Term
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Definition
| All information comes here first into Macula (where fovea lies). |
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Term
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Definition
aka Visual Association Areas
-crosses calcarine fissure and is where we get detailed information distributed out (i.e. forms, motions of objects) |
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Term
| Analysis of Visual Info is separated into two areas after the primary cortex |
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Definition
1)3d position, gross form, and motion
(where each object is and is it moving)
2) visual Detail and Color
(what object is and what it means) |
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Term
| Eve Movements and control |
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Definition
1)Reciprocal Cranial (A pair, 1 muscle relax, the other contracts).
2)Medial and Lateral Recti:
-side to side
3)Superior/Inferior Recti = Upward/downward
4)Inferior/Superior Oblique = rotate eyeballs
4)Inferior |
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Term
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Definition
1)since STAPES is (3/4) amplitude from prior, the OSSICULAR LEVER increases the force of by 1.3, despite the distance/movement being decreased.
2) STAPES is also much smaller than Tympanic Membrane. |
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Term
| Why need all this force in IMPEDENCE MATCHING |
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Definition
| Fluid is hard to move through compared to air when talking about tympanic membrane |
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Term
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Definition
1) Outer hairs feel more intensity
2) Basiliar memb and hairs virbate at more rapid rates
3) Spatial summation due to increase amplitude of vibration |
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Term
| Main Fxn of Chochlea? Organ of Corti? |
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Definition
| Choclea conducts vibrations and houses the Organ of Corti which generates nerve impusles when basiliar fiber vibrates. |
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Term
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Definition
The anatomy of the Cochlea:
Sacula Vestibuli
--->super thin Reissner's Memb
S. Media
--->Basiliar Membrane
S. Tympani |
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Term
| Basiliar Membrane contains |
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Definition
| Organ of Corti, which has sterocillia. |
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Term
| Transmission of Sound is comparable to? |
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Definition
Initially: basilar memb bends (its elastic!) in direction of round window.
So its comparable to arterial walls or rock on a pond. |
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Term
| Frequency/Pitch differences |
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Definition
1) High is closer
2) Medium is further and not as much of a dip
3) Low is pratically no dip and really far before goes up |
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Term
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Definition
It separates the outer and inner hairs of the organ of corti.
Part of a STIFF/RIGID structure with Reticular Lamina and the sterocillia attached to it. |
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Term
| Difference between the hairs in the Organ of Corti and their functions!? |
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Definition
Outer (more numerous) but Inner(is where 90-95% of nerve impulses stop).
The Outer then must be for Sensitivity and Tuning as we still get deaf if we lose outer hairs |
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Term
| How is deploarization in the Organ of Corti |
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Definition
It has influx of K not Na.
When the basiiliar fibers vibrate, so does the rigid structure composed of the tectorial membrane, Reticular Lamina and Sterocilia Hairs (outer and Inner). |
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Term
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Definition
Specific sounds go to specific areas of brain.
1) High freq = posterior, Low freq = anterior
2) Primary gets directly from MGB (medial geniculate body) and Association gets from Primary and Thalamaic |
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Term
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Definition
| By decibal, a log of intensities. |
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Term
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Definition
| velocity through air/velocity through substance |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| what influences degree of refraction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| when the width increases, the curvature increases, brings rays closer to center of lens. |
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Term
| How measure Refractive Power? |
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Definition
| Diopters = 1m/Focal Length |
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Term
| How is the Eye Like A Camera? |
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Definition
Retina = photo detector
cornea/lens = focus
Optic Nerve = cable
Brain = CPU |
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Term
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Definition
1) Air with anterior
2) Anterior with Aqueous humor
3) Aqeuous humor with Posterior
4) Posterior with Vitreous |
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Term
| What is Accomdation. How is it different in different patients? |
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Definition
Degree of elasticity of the lens...
Children have 14, Adults less. Old have NONE = Presbyopia |
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Term
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Definition
| No accomdation (usually with Older People age 70 |
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Term
| Pupillary Diamter Determined by? |
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Definition
Iris = regulat amount of light
Dark = increase 8mm, Light = decrease 1.5mm |
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Term
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Definition
| When increase pupillary diamter, depth of focus downn, because blurry, because goes away from optimal focal point |
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Term
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Definition
Enough Hunting Men Kyle
1) Ennetropia = normal
2) Hyperopia = farsight = fixed by convex
3) Myopia = near = fixed by concave |
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Term
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Definition
| Too great curvature = focus at different distance from plane at right angles....1 plane has more refractive power than the other |
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Term
| How know Depth Perception |
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Definition
1) Prior Knowledge of Size of Image
2) Moving Parrallax = image further = slower
3) Steropsiss: binocular vision = 2 images |
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Term
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Definition
Intraocular Pressure = 12-20mmHg
If more than 40 = glaucoma. |
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