Term
| skeleton muscles attach to bones via ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle tension on tendons causes ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The end of a muscle furthest from the dorsal midline, more distal or more movable is called the ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| The end of a muscle which is nearer to the midline of the body, which is more proximal, or less movable is called the ___ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| ___ muscles: move joint together |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ muscles: oppose movement |
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Definition
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Term
| sarcomeres are composed of ___, ___, ___, and ___. |
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Definition
| z disc to z disc, A bands, I bands, H zone |
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Term
| two types of myofilaments |
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Definition
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Term
| thick filaments are composed of ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| thick filaments joint at ___, and are positioned by ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| thin filaments are composed of ___; fuse at ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| during muscle contraction; ___ slide between ___ |
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Definition
| thin filaments; thick filaments |
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Term
| during muscle contraction; distance between ___ shorten. |
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Definition
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Term
| when the distance between z discs (sarcomeres) shorten: |
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Definition
-I bands (actin only) shorten
-H bands (myosin only) shorten
-A bands (actin/myosin overlap) move closer together; do not shorten |
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; myosin binding site splits ___ to ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; myosin assumes ____ |
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Definition
| high energy configuration |
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; myosin attaches to ______ |
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Definition
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; Power stroke pulls ____, __ released, ___ configuration (rigor mortis) |
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Definition
| acting toward M line; Pi, low-energy |
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; ___ displaces ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| biochemistry of contraction; ___ detaches, ready to repeat cycle |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ lies in grove along actin filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| tropomyosin blocks ___ during relaxation |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ attaches to tropomyosin |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ binding alters troponin configuration |
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Definition
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Term
| Ca+2 binding alters troponin configuration: 1) displaces ____ 2) exposes ____ site 3) allows ___ |
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Definition
| 1) tropomyosin 2) actin active site 3) crossbridge attachment |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction coupling: ___ triggers Ach release |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction coupling: Ach binds to ___ on ___. Triggers _____ |
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Definition
| nicotinic receptor on post-synaptic membrane; muscle AP |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction coupling: AP travels along ___ and ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| voltage sensors in T-tubule act on __ in ___. Stimulates ____ |
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Definition
| Ca+2 channels; Sarcoplasmic reticulum terminal cisternae. Ca+2 release from SR |
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Term
| Excitation-Contraction coupling: ___ attaches to troponin; configuration of ____; ___ attach to ____ |
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Definition
| Ca+2; troponin-tropomyosin complex shifts; crossbridges; actin |
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Term
| Muscle Relaxation: __ must cease for muscle to relax |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle Relaxation: ___ degrades ACh |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle Relaxation: __ release channels close |
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Definition
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Term
| Muscle Relaxation: ___ pumped back into ___ via ___ |
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Definition
| Ca+2; SR; Ca+2 ATPase pumps |
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Term
| Muscle Relaxation: ___ recycled to make more ___ |
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Definition
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Term
| Excitation: The motor unit consists of each ___ plus the ___ |
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Definition
| motor neuron; muscle fibers it innervates |
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Term
| Excitation: each ___ branches to ____ |
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Definition
| axon; innervate multiple fibers |
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Term
| excitation: Each ___ receives a ___ from its ___ |
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Definition
| muscle fiber; single axon terminal; motor neuron |
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Term
| Excitation: when ___ is activated, all the ___ it innervates are ___. |
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Definition
| motor neuron; muscle fibers; depolarized (all or none APs) |
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Term
| innervation ration is the ratio of __ to __ |
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Definition
| motor neurons; muscle fibers |
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Term
| ___ neural control when ____ regulate few fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| ____: more and larger motor units are activated to produce more forceful effort |
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Definition
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Term
| ___: muscle stimulated by a single AP |
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Definition
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Term
| during a twitch, the muscle ____ |
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Definition
| quickly contracts and relaxes |
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Term
| ___: muscle stimulated repetitively |
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Definition
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Term
| during tetanus, ___ between APs |
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Definition
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Term
| tetanus ___ exceeds twitch ___ (___) |
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Definition
| force; force (temporal summation) |
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Term
| tetanus force increases with ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| isometric contractions: _____ |
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Definition
| load greater than force of contraction |
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Term
| during isometric contractions, muscle _____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| during concentric contraction, ___ exceeds ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| during concentric contractions, the muscle ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| concentric contractions are termed ___ if the load is constant |
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Definition
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Term
| during concentric contractions, velocity of ___ depends on ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| eccentric contractions: _____ |
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Definition
| load exceeds force of contraction |
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Term
| during eccentric contractions; the load ____ muscle (____) |
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Definition
| lengthens contracting muscle (active lengthening) |
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Term
| common use of eccentric contractions: |
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Definition
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Term
| eccentric contractions are an efficient stimulus for _____ |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ and ____ absorb tension as muscles contract |
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Definition
| tendons; connective tissue |
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Term
| tendons must be ___ before muscle contraction alters ____ |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| elastic; resist distension |
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Term
| tendon ____ when load removed |
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Definition
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Term
| tendons routinely used in ___ such as ____ |
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Definition
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Term
3 determinants of isometric force:
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1. activation frequency
2. muscle size (cross-section)
3. sarcomere length |
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Term
| determinants of isometric force; maximal force as ____ sarcomere length |
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Definition
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Term
| force falls if sarcomere length _____ |
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Definition
1. too short (myofilament interference)
2. too long (insufficient crossbridge overlap) |
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Term
muscle metabolism - aerobic respiration:
1. ____ converts fats and sugars to ___
2. consume ___
3. produce ___, ___, and ___
4. Efficient but ____ |
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Definition
1. mitochondria; ATP
2. O2
3. CO2, H2O, heat (waste products)
4. slow to respond (mins) |
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Term
Muscle metabolism - anaerobic respiration:
1. ___ convert ___ to __ to ___
2. produces ___
3. ____ but ____ |
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Definition
1. enzymes, glycogen(starch), glucose (sugar), ATP
2. Lactate
3. Inefficient, fast to respond (secs) |
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Term
| muscle metabolism at rest: ____ |
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Definition
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Term
moderate to heavy exercise:
1. ____ respiration for ____
2. time required to ____
3. ____ after first 2 min |
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Definition
1. anaerobic respiration; first 45-90sec
2. increase O2 supply to exercising muscles
3. aerobic respiration dominates |
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Term
maximal exercise:
1. ____ reflects aerobic capacity
2. determined by ___, ___, ___, ____ |
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Definition
1. maximum oxygen consumption (VO2 max)
2. age, gender, size, training |
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Term
| fuels for muscle during light exercise: _____ |
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Definition
| most energy from fatty acids |
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Term
fuels for muscle during moderate exercise:
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. energy from fatty acids and glucose
2. glut 4 glucose transporter moves to cell surface |
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Term
fuels for muscle during heavy exercise:
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. glucose supplies 2/3 of energy
2. liver increases glycogenolysis |
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Term
| the lactate threshold is the ______, typically ____ |
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Definition
| percentage of VO2 max at which blood [lactate] rises; 50-70% |
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Term
metabolism after exercise:
___ recovers slowly, known as ____; and ___ recovery |
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Definition
| oxygen uptake, oxygen debt; metabolic |
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Term
metabolism after exercise:
replaecement of oxygen stores
1.
2. |
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Definition
1. hemoglobin
2. myoglobin |
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Term
metabolism after exercise:
fuel stores are replenished
1.
2.
3. |
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Definition
1. glycogen
2. lipid
3. phosphocreatine |
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Term
| phosphocreatine rapidly converts ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| [Phosphocreatine] is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
muscle fibers are classified on ____; two types
1.
2. |
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Definition
contraction speed
1. slow twitch (type I)
1. fast twitch (type II) |
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Term
| slow vs. fast twitch muscle fibers reflect different _____ |
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Definition
| myosin ATPase isoenzymes (slow vs. fast) |
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Term
| there is a ____ within a motor unit |
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Definition
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Term
slow twitch fibers:
-type __
-___ fibers
- many ___ and much ___
- many ___
- ___ capacity
- resistant ____
- common in ____ |
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Definition
- type 1
- red fibers
- many capillaries, much myoglobin
- many mitochondria (aerobic)
- high oxidative capacity
- resistant to fatigue
- common in endurance muscles |
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Term
fast twitch fibers
- type __
- ___ fibers
- ____ adaptation
- Large ___
- few ____
- adapted for ____ |
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Definition
- type II or IIX
- white fibers
- anaerobic adaptation
- large stores of glycogen
- few capillaries, mitochondria
- adapted for sprint tasks |
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Term
intermediate fibers
- type ___
- ___ contraction
- highly ____
- resistant to ____ |
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Definition
- type IIA
- fast contraction
- highly aerobic
- resistant to fatigue |
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Term
| there is a ___ on fiber composition |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the loss of muscle function with exercise |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle fatigue is ___ with rest |
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Definition
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Term
| ___ is the most common cause of muscle fatigue |
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Definition
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Term
| central fatigue is due to the loss of ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| peripheral muscle fatigue can be ___ or ___ |
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Definition
| acute (min to hrs) or long lasting (hrs to days) |
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Term
| acute peripheral fatigue is due to ___ or maybe ___ |
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Definition
| metabolite accumulation; pi |
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Term
| long lasting peripheral muscle fatigue is due to ____, and ____. |
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Definition
| muscle structure altered; calcium regulation lost |
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Term
aerobic adaptation to exercise training
- increased ___
- increased ___
- slower ___
- less ___ |
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Definition
- increased VO2 max
- increased use of fatty acids
- slower glycogen depletion
- less lactate production |
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Term
| muscle adaptation to exercise training: training effects are ____ |
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Definition
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Term
muscle adaptation to exercise training:
- endurance training increases _____
- endurance training increases ______ |
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Definition
- aerobic adaptation
- mitochondria, capillaries |
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Term
muscle adaptation to exercise training:
- resistance training increases ____
- resistance training primarily affects ____ |
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Definition
- increases muscle mass, strength
- primarily affects fast type II fibers |
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Term
Cardiac muscle cells:
- sarcomeres contain ___
- contract via ___
- activated by ___ |
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Definition
- sarcomeres contain actin and myosin
- contract via sliding-filament mechanism
- activated by calcium transients |
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Term
cardiac muscle cells:
- myocardial cells are ___
- joined by ___
- APs occur ___
- APs spread among cells via ___
- cells behave ____ |
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Definition
- myocardial cells are bifurcated
- joined by gap junctions
- APs occur spontaneously
- APs spread among cells via gap junctions
- cells behave as one unit (synctium) |
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|
Term
smooth muscle cells
- contain ____
- have a higher ___
- ___ filaments attached to ___
- may contain ____ |
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Definition
- no sarcomeres
- higher actin:myosin ration (16:1)
- actin filaments attached to dense bodies
- may contain gap junctions |
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|
Term
smooth muscle contraction:
- stimulated by _____
- ___ binds ___
- ___ activates ___
- ___ are ___
- ___ bind ___
- relaxation when ___ |
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Definition
- rise in intracellular calcium
- calcium binds calmodulin
- calcium calmodulin complex activated myosin light chain kinase
- myosin heads are phosphorylated
- myosin heads bind actin
- relaxation when calcium decreases |
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|
Term
smooth muscle:
- ___ contractions
- it is ____
- induced by ___
- present in ____ |
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Definition
- slow contractions
- induced by hormone stimulation, ANS input, spontaneous activity
- present in various organs |
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