Term
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Definition
| Capable of responding to sensory stimuli and having subjective experiences. |
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Term
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Definition
| Responsiveness of the mind to the impressions made by the senses; awareness of environment and self |
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Term
| What are the two components of consciousness? |
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Definition
1. Cognitive processes involving the cerebral cortex
2. Arousal and wakefulness involving brainstem and thalamus |
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Term
| List the four brain waves. Which are active when awake, which are active in sleep? |
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Definition
1. Beta: > 13 Hz, smallest amplitude, desynchronized, awake
2. Alpha: 8-13 Hz, small amplitude, relaxed with eyes closed
3. Theta: 4-7 Hz, small amplitude, light sleep
4. Delta: < 4 Hz, large amplitude, deep sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Desynchronized EEG, alert, and “conscious” |
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Term
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Definition
Rapid eye movement sleep
Desynchronized EEG (therefore desynchronized sleep) but not alert or “conscious,” paradoxical sleep (because resembles awake in EEG). |
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Term
| List some characteristics of REM sleep |
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Definition
-Easy to rouse self
-Hardest to rouse others
-No movement (except eye, inner ear, and diaphragm)
-Dreaming
-Variable autonomic activity
-No temperature regulation
-EEG unsynchronized
-Genital erection |
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Term
| Define Ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) |
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Definition
| Structures in the brainstem and thalamus that fires neurons that produce the degree of synchronization in the EEG |
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Term
| What aminergic/cholinergic nuclei promote alertness? |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and orexin/hypocretin |
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Term
| Why do antihistimaines cause drowsiness? |
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Definition
| Because histamine is involved in alertness |
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Term
| What role do GABA neurons play in alertness/sleep? |
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Definition
| They inhibit all of the alertness neurons |
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Term
| What are the orexin/hypocretin neurons particularly important for? |
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Definition
| Controlling the transitions between the different stages of sleep and wakefulness. |
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Term
| Describe ARAS hormone levels when awake |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and orexin/hypocretin neurons have high activity, but GABA neurons in VLPO have low activity. |
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Term
| Describe ARAS hormone levels when in Non-REM sleep |
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Definition
| GABA neurons in VLPO become active. Norepinephrine, serotonin, acetylcholine, histamine, and orexin/hypocretin neurons decrease their activity. |
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Term
| Describe ARAS hormone levels when in REM sleep |
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Definition
| Norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine, and orexin/hypocretin neurons are essentially silent. Cholinergic neurons increase their activity; activation of cholinergic neurons in brainstem initiates REM sleep. |
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Term
| Where do dreams come from? |
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Definition
| During REM sleep, cortex is essentially isolated from the outside world; dreams are ultimately the result of activity originating in the brainstem. |
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Term
| What is the major circadian pacemaker in the brain? |
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Definition
| Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) |
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Term
| What sets the Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to the circadian rhythem |
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Definition
| The light-dark cycle by a direct retinohypothalamic pathway |
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Term
| If the Suprachiasmatic nucleus is damaged, what disorder results? |
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Definition
| Narcolepsy- patterns of sleep and wakefulness randomly occur throughout the day. |
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Term
| What group has more REM sleep and more sleep overall? |
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Definition
| Infants, elderly get very little REM sleep |
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Term
| How long does a sleep cycle last? |
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Definition
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Term
| What mechanisms allow falling asleep? |
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Definition
-Reduction of sensory input
-Sleep factors (over 30), many related to the immune system
-Adenosine (accumulates over day until bedtime) |
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Term
| Give some examples of sleep factors related to the immune system |
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Definition
a. Muramyl peptides (from bacterial cell walls)
b. Growth hormone releasing factor
c. Prostaglandin D2 (sleep inducing) and E2 (waking)
d. Interleukin 1 |
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Term
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Definition
| Like narcolepsy, but with abrupt loss of muscle tone without falling asleep |
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Term
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Definition
Person becomes paralyzed as they drift into or out of sleep. Person
is awake, but can’t move or talk. |
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Term
| Define hyponogogic hallucinations |
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Definition
| Graphic dreams, often frightening, usually auditory or visual, that occur at sleep onset |
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Term
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Definition
| Disorder of initiating or maintaining sleep during normal sleep periods. |
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Term
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Definition
| Periodic cessation of breathing during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
| Dysfunction associated with sleep. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sleep walking. This occurs in stage 3 or 4 slow-wave sleep (not REM). A person does not remember the episodes. Can perform activities such as dusting, going to bathroom, even speak incoherently. |
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Term
| Define REM behavior disorder |
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Definition
| Paralysis of REM does not occur, and person “acts out” dreams. |
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