Term
| What will triated water be helpful in measuring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will Mannitol be helpful in measuring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What will Evans Blue be helpful in measuring? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the formula for Clearance of the Kidneys? |
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Definition
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Term
| How does the sympathetic NS and angiotensin II affect renal vasculature? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How does ACE inhibitors affect renal vasculature? |
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Definition
| They dilate efferentarterioles to decrease GFR |
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Term
| How does the sympathetic NS and angiotensin II affect the GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What causes vasodilation renal arterioles? |
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Definition
| Prostaglandins E2 and I2, bradykinin, NO, and dopamine. |
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Term
| What are the two methods of autoregulation of the kidneys? |
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Definition
| Myogenic mechanism and Tubuloglomerular feedback |
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Term
| What is used to measure the RPF? |
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Definition
| Clearance of PAH (para-amminohippuric acid) |
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Term
| What is the equation to approximate RPF using PAH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation to measure RBF using RPF? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be used to approximate GFR? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the equation for approximating GFR with insulin? |
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Definition
| GFR=[U]insulinV/[P]insulin |
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Term
| What is filtration fraction? |
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Definition
| The fraction of RPF filtered across the glomerular capillaries |
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Term
| What is the equation for filtration fraction? |
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Definition
| filtration fraction = GFR/RPF |
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Term
| What is the GFR calculation via the Starling equation? |
|
Definition
| GFR = Kf[(PGC-PBS)-(πGC-πBS)] |
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Term
| How does sympathetic stimulation (afferent arteriole constriction) affect GFR, RPF, and FF? |
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Definition
GFR down
RPF down
FF None |
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Term
| How does angiotensin II stimulation (efferent arteriole constriction) affect GFR, RPF, and FF? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How does increased plasma protein concentration affect GFR, RPF, and FF? |
|
Definition
GFR down
RPF none
FF down |
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Term
| How does ureteral stone affect GFR, RPF, and FF? |
|
Definition
GFR down
RPF none
FF down |
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Term
| How does angiotensin II and sympathetic stimulation stimulation the renal vasculature? |
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Definition
Angiotensin II: efferent constriction
Sympathetic: afferent constriction |
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Term
| What causes net reabsorption and net secretion of a substance? |
|
Definition
Absorption: filtered load>excretion rate
Secretion: filtered load<excretion rate |
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Term
| What are the equations for: filtered load, excretion rate, reabsorption rate, and secretion rate? |
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Definition
filtered load = GFR x [plasma]
excretion rate = V x [urine]
Reabsorption rate = filtered load - excretion rate
Secretion rate = excretion rate - filtered load |
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Term
| What is responsibe for the reabsorption of glucose? |
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Definition
| Na+-glucose dependent costransport in the proximal tubule |
|
|
Term
| When is glucose reabsorption maximal and minimal? |
|
Definition
Max: Glucose concentrations less than 250 mg/dL
Min: Glucose concentration more than 350 mg/dL |
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|
Term
| What is the threshold of glucose? |
|
Definition
| The plasma concentration at which glucose first appears in the urine (250mg/dL approximately) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The region of glucose curves between threshold and Tm (between plasma concentration of 250-350mg/dL) |
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Term
| What are glomerular markers? |
|
Definition
| Substance that are freely filtered but not reabsorbed or secreted (i.e. insulin) |
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Term
| Which acid form (HA vs A-) is present in acidic urine and alkaline urine? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How does alkalizing urine affect the salicyclic acid? |
|
Definition
| It increases the excretion |
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Term
| Which base form (BH+ vs H) is present in acidic urine and alkaline urine? |
|
Definition
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Term
| How does acidic and alkaline urine affect back diffusion? |
|
Definition
acidic: more weak acid back diffusion, less weak base back diffusion
alkaline: less weak acid back diffusion, more weak base back diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Urine at any point along the nephron |
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|
Term
| What is TF/Pinsulin used as a marker for? |
|
Definition
| Water reabsorption along the nephron |
|
|
Term
| How do you calculate the fraction of filtered H2O that is reabsorbed? |
|
Definition
fraction of filtered H2O that is reabsorbed =
1 - 1/[TF/P]insulin |
|
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Term
| What is the [TF/P]x/[TF/P]insulin ratio used for? |
|
Definition
| Determining the amount of filtrered x that remains in the tubular fluid vs being reabsorbed into the blood |
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Term
| How much sodium and water is reabsorbed by the proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the site of glomerulotubular balance? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By what process does the early proximal tubule reabsorb Na? |
|
Definition
Cotransport with glucose, amino acids, phosphate, and lactate.
Countertransport via Na+-H+exchange. |
|
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Term
| What effects do acetazolamide (carbonic anhydrase inhibitor) have on the reabsorption of the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| It inhibits reapsorption of filtered HCO3- in the early proximal tubule, thus disrupting the Na-H exchange. |
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|
Term
| What occurs in the late proximal tubule? |
|
Definition
| Na+ is reabsorbed with Cl- |
|
|
Term
| What maintains the constant fractional reabsorption? |
|
Definition
| Glomerulotubular balance in the proximal tubules |
|
|
Term
| How much of the flitered Na is reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What transporters are in the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| Where do loop diuretics (furosemide, ethacrynic acid, bumetanide) affect reabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water act on the loop of Henle? |
|
Definition
| It is impermeable to water |
|
|
Term
| How much Na is reabsorbed by the Distal tube and collecting ducts? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How is NaCl reabsorbed by the early distal tubule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the site of thiazide diuretics? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the cell types of the late distal tubule and collecting duct? |
|
Definition
| Principle cells and alpha-intercalated cells |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of Principle cells? |
|
Definition
Reabsorb Na and H2O
Secrete K+ |
|
|
Term
| How does aldosterone affect Na reabsorption and K secretion? |
|
Definition
Na: increases
K: increases |
|
|
Term
| How does ADH affect H2O permeability? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the role of alpha-intercalated cells? |
|
Definition
| Secrete H+ and reabsorb K+ |
|
|
Term
| What are the three layers that make up the glomerular capillaries? |
|
Definition
Fenestrated capillaries endothelium
Glomerular basement membrane
Podocyte epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What is glomerulotubular balance? |
|
Definition
| The ability of the proximal tubule to reabsorb a constant proportion of the glomerular filtrate instead of a constant amount |
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