The process by which outside material is engulfed into the cell.

The membrane froms a capsule through engulfing the extracellular material.

A specific form of endocytosis

Process by which solid materials are absorbed and capsulated within the cell.

Used in the immune system to degrade foreign bodies.

Specialized form of endocytosis

The process is specific to small molecule endocytosis, in which the small vesicle that is formed is fused with a lysosome for to hydrolyze or break down the small particle

Relates the diffusion of a material through a gradient

J=-DA(ΔC/Δx)

A condition in which the total amount of solutes (both permeable and impermeable) in a solution is greater than that of another solution

(aka a greater osmolality)

A condition in which the total amount of solutes (both permeable and impermeable) in a solution is less than that of another solution

(aka a smaller osmolality)

π=RT(Φic)

At constant temperature, the osmotic pressure of dilute solutions is proportional to the concentration (number of molecules) of the dissolved substance

Reflection Coefficient

(aka Osmotic Coefficient)

A coefficient to symbolize the relative permability of a plasma membrane (σ)

Found in the equation:

π=σ(nCRT)

where π is the ability of a molecule to pass thru a membrane

Calculates the potential across a membrane at which the concentration gradient force is equal to the electrical force.

E=(60/z)*log(X_i/X_o)

The event in which concentration gradients are forced to vary due to the presence of an semi-permiable membrane

E=60*log([K_o]+α[Na_o])

                ([K_i]+α[Na_i])

Hyperpolarizing After Potential

or

Afterhyperpolarization

Stimulation of Calcium release in the ER

(the pathway)

Ligand with α₁ subunit (G Protein)

↓

Phospholipase C (PLC)

↓ (converts:)

Phosphatidynlinositol bisphosphate (PIP₂)  (Converts it to:)

↓

Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (InsP3) 

+

Diacyl glycerol (DAG)

InsP3 diffuses to the ER where it stimulates the release of Ca into cytosol

DAG activates Protein kinase C (PKC) which phosphorylates effector proteins

The transmission of a signal between two cells. 

In the nervous system it is the process through which electrical signals are transfered down the nerves.

An enzyme that degrades ACH to choline and acetate (-) ion. These can no longer bind to the receptor and are released. About half of these hydrolysis products are taken up by the presynaptic cell and recycled into ACH.

MEPPs are small (0.4 mV) depolarizations that appear even when the pre-synaptic neuron is inactive. They appear at regular intervals and are all of nearly the same size. They can be blocked by curare. They have been shown to be the result of spontaneous release of ACH

Three neurons are involved, the pre and post synaptic neurons and an inhibitory neuron that ends near the terminus of the pre-synaptic neuron.

1. The presynaptic neuron has receptors for the inhibitory neuron

transmitter

2. The inhibitory neuron depolarizes the pre-synaptic neuron, this causes it to release less transmitter each time it transmits an AP.

Gamma-aminobutyric Acid

(GABA)

Nitric Oxide

(NO)

Can be co-released with another neurotransmitter and act as synergistically or antagonistically.

Can function as a neurotransmitter on its own.

A peptide that is probablt the transmitter used at synapses mady by primary sensory neurons.

A primary neurotransmitter