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Physiological Psychology and P
EPPP
57
Psychology
Post-Graduate
11/15/2008

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Hyperthyroidism

Definition

Symptoms - frigety, anxiety, unable to sleep for a few weeks, heart palpitations, weightloss and being hot

Term

Secundary memory

Definition

Least likely to drecrease with age. Creativity seems to continue to do well as well

Term

In Alzheimer

Definition

Impair is progressive and uniform

Term

Smilling by infants

Definition

Relates to REM sleep. Child smile while asleep then after 2 weeks starts smiling while awake

Term

Dementia from alcohol

Definition

Affects visospatial abilities by decreasing visospatial performance skills

Term

Sensory Memory

Definition

Is capable of storing a very large amount of information for a very brief period of time. Collects information from all sences for a brief time

Term

As one gets oldrer?

Definition

REM sleep compare to Non-REM sleep decrease.

 

Age up

Sleep Down

Term

Frontal Lobe

Definition

Processes language and expressive speech

Term

Parietal Lobe

Definition

Causes problems in sensation. It holds somatosensory cortex> light, touch, pain, temperature

Term

Temporal Lobe

Definition

Receptive Speech

Term

Cerebellum

Definition

Balance

Term

Occipital Lobe

Definition

Vision Primary

Visual Cortex

Term

Hypothalamus

Definition

Releases gonadotrophin in females

Term

Noticeble Differences (JNDs) 

Definition

To measure noticeble diferences in changes in intensity of light (physical) and perception (physiological) the measure used has to have equal intervals

Term

Psychogenic Amnesia

Definition

Inability to remember own name and recollect auto-biographical information

Term

Biofeedback and relaxation training

Definition

Both trainings are equally effective for migrane

Term

Frontal Lobe

Definition

Damages in frontal lobe causes desinhibition, apathy and executive deficits  

Term

Migraine

Definition

A commun migraine may be exacerbated by bending over or lifting

 

Has No Aura

Term

Vascular Dementia

Definition

Risk factors hypertension, diabetes mellitus and smoking

Term

Iconic Memory

Definition

Is memory for icons (visual images) it is an aspect of sensory memory. Example flash icons for 50 seconds then ask person to remember icon

Term

MAO -Inhibitors

Definition

When taking this meds clients cannot have yogurt, ripe avocados, soy sauce or ripe cheese

 

Cottage and cream cheese is ok

Term

Hypothalamus

Definition

Physical homeostasis, temperature, hunger, thirst, sex, agression and sleeop

Term

Unilateral ECT

Definition

Produces less anterogade and retrograde amnesia compare to bilateral ECT

Term

Left Hemisphere

Definition

Primary controls

 

* Ability to generate precise and correct words

* Ability to analize the relevance of data

* Ability to perform mathematical operations

Term

Enuresis

Definition

Usually cease symptoms in adulthood

Term

Huntington's Disease

Definition

Cognitive and psychiatric (mood) symptoms open before motor (movement) symptoms

 

In this order

 

* Cognitive

* Psychiatric -Mood

* Motor- Movement

Term

Color Blind

Definition

The gene of color blind is in the x cromosome and is transfer by the mother

Term

Frontal Lobe Functions

Definition
  • Judgement
  • Emotional response
  • Expressive language
  • Meaning
  • Planing
  • Personality
  • Reasoning
  • Speech area
Term

Parietal Lobe Functions

Definition
  • Visual attention
  • Touch perception
  • Objects
  • Integration of senses
  • Movement
Term

Temporal Lobe Functions

Definition
  • Hearing
  • Memory
  • Visual perception
  • Catergorization
  • See objects
Term

Occipital Lobe Functions

Definition
  • Vision
  • Visual processing
Term

Cerebellum Functions

Definition
  • Voluntary movement
  • Balance
  • Reflex
Term

Brain Srem Function

Definition
  • Heart Rate
  • Sweating
  • Blood pressure
  • Digestion
Term

Left Brain Function

Definition
  • Writting language                  * Logic
  • Number skills                        * Reason
  • Reasoning                            * Objective
  • Spoken language/speech        * Verbal
  • Scientific skills                      * Self oriented
  • Right hand control                 * Categorical
  • Main language center        * Detail focuse                                                    
  • * Mimicry                                     
  • * Purposefulness
Term

Right Brain Functions

Definition
  • Insight                            * Intuition
  • 3-D forms                        * Emotions  
  • Arty awareness                * Subjective
  • Imagination                     * Visual
  • Music awareness              * Group oriented
  • Left hand control              * Relational
  • Spatial abilities                * Whole Picture
  • Simple language               * Creativity
  • Comprehension                 * Playfulness
  • Non-verbal ideation
Term

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Definition

Is involved in the regulation of:

  • the parasympathetic nervous system,
  • voluntary movement, and
  • memory - memory, declines associated with both normal aging and Alzheimer's disease are believed to be related to deterioration of neurons that secrete ACh, especially in the hippocampus.
Term

Dopamine

Definition

is involved in voluntary movement, and a deterioration of neurons that secrete dopamine contributes to movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea. It has also been linked to Tourette's Disorder, with evidence for this association being provided by the effectiveness of dopamine-blocking drugs - such as haloperidol and pimozine - for reducing its symptoms. Abnormalities in dopamine are also involved in several mental disorders including mania, depression, and schizophrenia.

Term

Serotonin

Definition

mediates a number of functions including body temperature, hunger and thirst, sexual behavior, aggression, arousal, and sleep. In terms of disorders, it plays an important role in depression, mania, schizophrenia, OCD, eating disorders, and migraine headaches.

Term

GABA is an inhibitory neurotransmitter

Definition

is involved in falling asleep and anxiety (the barbiturates exert their effects by increasing the activity of GABA). Degeneration of GABA-secreting cells in the substantia nigra, basal ganglia, and cortex has been linked to Huntington's chorea.

Term

Hindbrain:

Definition

The reticular activating system (RAS) is vital to consciousness and arousal. It screens sensory input, especially during sleep, and arouses higher centers of the brain when important information must be processed.

Term

Forebrain - Subcortical Structures:

The hypothalamus contains the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), which is involved in controlling the body's circadian rhythms.

 

Definition

The hypothalamus mediates 

(1) maintaining the body's homeostasis (for instance, regulating body temperature, hunger and thirst, metabolic processes);

(2) translating strong emotions such as rage, fear, and excitement into shallow breathing, increased blood flow, a racing heart, and so on (as in the fight-or-flight response); and (3) regulating the release of hormones from the pituitary and other endocrine glands

Term

Forebrain - Subcortical Structures:

The hippocampus is less directly involved in emotions than other limbic system structures

Especially in humans is involved in:

Definition
  • with memory consolidation (the transfer of information from short- to long-term memory).
  • most directly involved in mediating spatial memory (the location of objects) and
  • explicit memory (memory requiring conscious recollection).
  • In Alzheimer's disease, degeneration of neurons is greatest in the hippocampus, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex, which collectively make up the medial temporal lobe
Term

Forebrain - the Cortex:

The frontal lobe contains the primary motor cortex, the prefrontal cortex, and, in the dominant hemisphere, Broca's area, which is responsible for the production of speech.

Definition

The consequences of damage to the frontal lobe depend on its location but may include impaired motor control, deficits in higher-order cognitive functions, changes in personality and emotion, and Broca's aphasia, which is characterized by deficits in the production of written and spoken language while comprehension remains intact.

Term

Forebrain - the Cortex:

The parietal lobe contains the somatosensory cortex, which processes somatosensory input (touch, temperature, pain, and kinesthesia) and integrates tactile, visual, and auditory stimuli.

Definition

Damage to the parietal lobe can produce a number of unusual symptoms including impaired visual-spatial ability, contralateral neglect, apraxia, tactile agnosia, and Gerstmann's syndrome.

Term

Forebrain - the Cortex:

The temporal lobe contains the auditory cortex and, in the dominant hemisphere, Wernicke's area.

Definition

Damage►disturbances in auditory sensation and perception (for example, auditory agnosia), memory loss, and Wernicke's aphasia. Memory loss is both anterograde and retrograde but is limited to declarative memories - that is, memories for facts and experiences that must be consciously recollected. Wernicke's aphasia involves deficits in both comprehending and producing speech. The speech of people with this disorder sounds fluent but is devoid of meaning ("word salad") and often contains paraphasias, which are word substitutions that can be actual words or made-up words. (Note that conduction aphasia is caused by damage to the fibers that connect Wernicke's area to Broca's area. It causes fluent, meaningless speech but does not affect comprehension. It also shares several characteristics with both Wernicke's and Broca's aphasia - i.e., all three involve an inability to repeat words spoken by someone else and problems in naming objects.)

Term

Forebrain - the Cortex:

The occipital lobe contains the visual cortex.

Definition

Damage ►in visual cortex can cause deficits in visual sensation, perception, and memory (for example, visual agnosia, loss of depth perception, persistent after images) and, when damage is extensive and bilateral, cortical blindness. Prosopagnosia is a type of visual agnosia involving an inability to recognize familiar faces. It is caused by bilateral or right hemisphere damage to the occipitotemporal area (although there is evidence that some forms of prosopagnosia may also involve damage to certain areas in the right parietal lobe).

Term

Hemispheric Specialization:

Much of what we originally learned about hemispheric specialization and lateralization came from studies of split-brain patients, whose corpus callosums had been severed as a treatment for severe epilepsy. (The corpus callosum is the primary bundle of fibers that enables the right and left hemispheres to communicate with each other.)

Definition

For example, if an image is presented to the left visual field of a split-brain patient, the image travels via the optic nerve to the right side of the brain, and the person is able to pick out the object by touch with his left hand. However, because the corpus callosum is cut, information about the object is not shared with the left (language) hemisphere, so the person cannot name the object or identify it by touch with his right hand.

Term

Emotion and Stress:

 

The James-Lange theory of emotion stresses the importance of peripheral factors.

Definition

It proposes that emotions represent perceptions of bodily reactions - especially autonomic nervous system reactions - to stimuli (e.g., "I must be afraid because my heart is pounding and my knees are shaking").

Term

Emotion and Stress:

According to Selye, the body's physiological reaction to stress involves three stages, which he referred to as the general adaptation syndrome (GAS):

Definition

(1) Alarm- refers to the "fight or flight" reaction, which is mediated by hypothalamic stimulation of the sympathetic branch of the autonomic nervous system.

(2) followed by resistance, in which hypothalamic stimulation of the endocrine glands results in the release of cortisol and other "stress hormones." This allows the body to continue fighting a stressor after the effects of the alarm stage dissipate.

(3) Finally, if the stress becomes chronic so that the body cannot return to a normal state, exhaustion occurs. As the result of excessive secretion of the cortisol and other factors, the individual may develop a psychosomatic disorder and/or suffer permanent damage to the brain and immune system

Term

Emotion and Stress:

Type A behavior

Definition

Early research on Type A behavior linked it to an increased risk for coronary heart disease. However, subsequent studies revealed that the "toxic" element of Type A behavior is negative emotions - especially excessive anger and hostility. The other characteristics of Type A behavior (sense of time urgency, impatience, competitiveness) are much less predictive of heart problems.

Term

Neurological, Psychophysiological, and Endocrine Disorders:

Huntington's chorea is a fatal inherited disease. Symptoms usually first appear when the individual is between 30 and 40 years of age and fall into three categories - affective, cognitive, and motor.

Patients with this disorder are aware of their problems during the early stages, and this awareness, coupled with a loss of impulse control, leads to a high risk for suicide.

Definition
  • Affective symptoms - commonly irritability, depression, and apathy - usually appear first, sometimes leading to a misdiagnosis.
  • Cognitive deterioration begins with forgetfulness and eventually ends up as dementia.
  • Early motor symptoms include fidgeting and clumsiness. Later, athetosis (slow, writhing movements) and chorea (involuntary rapid, jerky movements) develop. 
Term

Neurological, Psychophysiological, and Endocrine Disorders:

Over- or undersecretion of hormones by the endocrine glands can cause disorders that include symptoms suggestive of a mental disorder.

Definition

Hypersecretion of hormones by the thyroid gland produces hyperthyroidism (Grave's Disease), characterized by a speeded-up metabolism, elevated body temperature, heat intolerance, increased appetite with weight loss, tachycardia and palpitations, nervousness, agitation, mania, fatigue, and insomnia.

hyposecretion produces hypothyroidism, which involves a slowed metabolism, reduced appetite with weight gain, bradycardia, lowered body temperature, depression and apathy, decreased libido, and impaired concentration and memory.

Term

Psychopharmacology: Antipsychotic

traditional antipsychotic effects ► blocking dopamine receptors in the brain,

newer, atypical effect ►neurotransmitters, especially serotonin and epinephrine.

Both types of antipsychotics are associated with a number of undesirable side effects

Definition

Anticholinergic symptoms, extrapyramidal symptoms (parkinsonism, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia), and neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS). NMS is a rare side effect→muscle rigidity, tachycardia, fever, an altered state of consciousness, and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Tardive dyskinesiauncontrollable movements of the lips, mouth, tongue, torso, and limbs →irreversible, in some cases, its symptoms can be alleviated by slowly withdrawing the drug.

↓drug ↑symptoms, decline over time. clozapine drug ►does not cause tardive dyskinesia. In about 1% of cases, it causes agranulocytosis, a potentially fatal blood disease

Term
Psychopharmacology: Antidepresants

 

There are three classes of antidepressants:

tricyclics, the SSRIs, and the MAOIs

Definition

Tricyclics ►for "typical" depressions. 

Side effects →anticholinergic symptoms, confusion and memory problems, and impaired sexual functioning. cardiotoxic and can be fatal in overdose.

SSRIs ►advantages→ less cardiotoxic, safer in overdose, less likely to cause cognitive impairment, and have a more rapid onset. side effecys →nausea, appetite loss, constipation, insoni, anxiety, anorexia, irination and sex disfuncytion

MAOIS ► for typical depression. Side effects → Anticholinergic - insomnia, agitation, confusion, rash, weight gain, edema, headache, dizziness, tremor, blood dyscrasia and hipertensive crisis  

Term

Psychopharmacology:Anxiolytics (minor tranquilizers)

Include the benzodiazepines, which are used to treat anxiety, insomnia, and seizures.

Definition

Side effects ►confusion and disorientation, ataxia, paradoxical agitation, and, when the drug is stopped, rebound excitation. Benzodiazepines are addictive with chronic use and have a superadditive (synergistic) effect when taken with other CNS depressants, which can be fatal.

Term

Development of the Central Nervous System

 

Neurons are initially over-produced, and many undergo an active pruning process during prenatal development and for several years following birth. This form of cell death is referred to as apoptosis and apparently serves to "fine-tune" brain development.

Definition

Proliferation: New cells are produced inside the neural tube beginning when the embryo is about 2-1/2 weeks old.
Migration: Immature neurons migrate to their final destination in the brain beginning at about 8 weeks. Once these cells reach their destination, they begin to aggregate with other cells to form the structures of the brain.
Differentiation: Neurons initially look very much like other cells of the body but, following migration, develop axons and dendrites.
Myelination: The axons of some neurons myelinate, which occurs when glial cells form an insulating sheath around the cell’s axon. Much myelination occurs postnatally.
Synaptogenesis: The timing of synaptogenesis (formation of synapses) depends on the specific area of the brain, but most occurs postnatally. Synaptogenesis appears to be influenced by both endogenous (e.g., genetic) and exogenous (e.g., experience) factors

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