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Physiological Psych
Preliminary Exam
86
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
10/05/2010

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Term
Physiological Psych
Definition
study of the biological aspects of behavior(aka biopsychology; cog. neuroscience)
Term
neuron
Definition
nerve cell; basic unit of nervous system
Term
nerve
Definition
collection of neurons surrounded by membrane
Term
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
Peripheral Nervous System
Definition
nerves and ganglia outside CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
collections of cell bodies of neurons
Term
ablation
Definition
(extirpation) removal or surgical destruction (frontal lobotomy v. removing tumors)
Term
lesioning
Definition
creation of small areas of physiological destruction (electrical; chemical; thermal)
Term
recording
Definition
passive measuring (EEG; single-cell; biofeeback)
Term
Stimulation
Definition
activation of areas in body (electrical; chemical)
Term
Biochemical analysis
Definition
control of behavior by neurotransmitters
Term
Histological analysis
Definition
study of tissue
Term
microtome
Definition
computer calibrated "knife." cuts thin sections of tissue
Term
Stereotaxic Instrument
Definition
apparatus used for implanting electrodes in the brain
Term
anterior; posterior
dorsal; ventral
medial; lateral
Definition
head; tail
top (inferior); underside (superior)
middle; towards sides
Term
axon hillock
Definition
decision maker; decides whether or not to fire (neural impulse)
Term
myelin
Definition
fatty insulator; originates from glial cells
Term
Saltatory conduction
Definition
the jumping of an action potential along a myelinated axon
Term
Schwann cells; oligoendrocytes
Definition
PNS/CNS: glial cells that have a flattened shape that enables them to wrap around the axon
Term
Action Potential
Definition
neural impulse; hillock and down axon
Term
terminal button
Definition
end feet
Term
vesicles
Definition
tiny sac in which neurotransmitters are stored
Term
monopolar neuron
Definition
(unipoloar) a neuron with only one process
Term
bipolar neuron
Definition
a neuron with two processes
Term
multipolar neuron
Definition
a neuron with many processes
Term
exocytosis
Definition
process of which neural impulse hits the vesicles and vesicles come to surface and release the NT
Term
cathode-ray oscilloscope
Definition
use to record neural impulses
Term
polarization
Definition
membrane at resting potential of approximately -70mv
Term
hyperpolarization
Definition
membrane potential more negative than -70mv
Term
depolarization
Definition
membrane potential more positive
Term
absolute refractory period
Definition
portion of the action potential when even with a stimulus will not fire no matter how strong the stimulus
Term
relative refractory period
Definition
if a stronger than usual stimulus is present it may fire
Term
postsynaptic potential
Definition
dendrites & cell body - graded and decremental
Term
spatial summation
Definition
addtion of input from many different presynaptic neurons
Term
Temporal Summation
Definition
addition of input from one presynaptic neuron over a brief period
Term
Excitatory postsynaptic potential
Definition
small increase (~.5 mv) in charge across postsynaptic membrane
Term
Inhibitory postsynaptic potential
Definition
small decrease (~.5 mv) in charge across postsynaptic membrane
Term
regeneration
Definition
(collateral sprouting) once neurons in the CNS have been damaged, neighboring neurons compensate by sprouting new axonal endings.
Term
golgi type I
Definition
(projection neuron) Located in the spinal cord
Term
Golgi type II
Definition
(local-circuit neuron) Located in the brain
Term
Muscle action potential
Definition
in striated muscle cells -> need end-plate potential
Term
Postsynaptic potential
Definition
(EPSP;IPSP) dendrites and cell body (all neurons)
Term
Generator potential
Definition
(receptor potential) occurs at junction of sensory receptor cell and dendrites of sensory neuron
Term
End-plate potential
Definition
if strong enough creates muscle action, impulse is sent both ways causing actin segments to shorten -> depolarization through z-lines / depolarization that occurs on the end-plate
Term
Reuptake
Definition
NT drawn back into vesicles
Term
Degradation
Definition
deactivation of NT by an enzyme
Term
Innervation
Definition
activation of muscle by neurons
Term
Filaments
Definition
fibers throughout muscle; slide past each other - movement = sections
Term
Synctium
Definition
a collection of smooth or cardiac muscle cells that function as a unit
Term
Neuromuscular Junction
Definition
(myoneural junction) ACh goes across the synapse and causes activation
Term
Z-lines
Definition
pores, little black holes between the actin; contract actin, making it shorter
Term
Motor unit
Definition
single motor neuron and striate muscle cells it innervates
Term
Innervation Ratio
Definition
the actual number of striated muscle cells innervated by a single motor neuron; lower ratio -> greater behavioral control
Term
Myasthenia gravis
Definition
poor transmission of ACh due to attack on ACh receptors
Term
Muscle tone
Definition
the vigor of a muscular contraction; higher muscle tone = more impulses from cerebellum
Term
Unisynaptic Reflex
Definition
(monosynaptic reflex or reflex arc) reflex involving only one sensory and one motor neuron and one synapse
Term
Polysynaptic Reflex
Definition
(multisynaptic reflex) reflex involving a sensory neuron, motor neuron, and one or more interneurons
Term
Meninges
Definition
protective covering CNS
Term
Meninges Layers
Definition
Dura mater; arachnoid, pia mater.
Term
Blood-Brain Barrier
Definition
formed by glial cells called astrocytes (star-shaped); keeps toxins out
Term
Concentric
Definition
rounded skull and thus brain (standing monkeys, humans)
Term
Gyrus (gyri)
Definition
"ridge" in cerebral cortex
Term
Sulcus (sulci)
Definition
"groove" in cerebral cortex -> if deep forms a fissure (sylvian / lateral fissure)
Term
Syndenham's Chorea / St. Vitus Dance
Definition
  • Bacteria infection in motor pathways that use ACh. Causes damage to inhibitory paths of ACh.
  • Targets kids 5-15 and pregnant women.
  • Treated with antibiotics & sedatives
Term
Huntington's Disease / Huntington's Chorea
Definition
  • Progressive degeneration of the CNS
  • genetic but doesn't appear until 35-50
  • Pathways using GABA deteriorate (inhibitory NT)
Term
Law of Mass Action
Definition
cortex acts as a whole in learning; greater degree of damage causes greater degree of impairment
Term
Law of Equipotentiality
Definition

All areasĀ  of the cortex are equally important in learning

(thalamus and reticular formation; 17&18)

Term
Homunculus
Definition

"little man"

surface area of the motor cortex devoted to motor actions (4)

Term
Transection
Definition
cross cut
Term
Paralysis
Definition
takes away excitatory pathways
Term
Decerebrate Rigidity
Definition
all exterior muscles contract
Term
Paresis
Definition
organic psychotic disorder associated with syphilis; organism eats away at person's frontal cortex (loss of intellectual functioning)
Term
Frontal Lobotomy
Definition
probes put in frontal association areas and destroying large area
Term
Epilepsy
Definition
disorder of area 22 (prior to seizure hear rush of sounds "aura")
Term
Dyslexia
Definition
disorder of area 18 & 19 (word reversals)
Term
Apraxia
Definition

disorder of area 40 & 43

does not know what to do with common objects

Term
Broca's Aphasia (expressive)
Definition

difficulty in saying common words

lesioning left frontal

Term
Wernicke's Aphasia (receptive)
Definition

difficulty understanding own language

lesioning left temporal cortex

Term
Penfield
Definition

did initail temporal probing

causes vivid flashbacks

Term
Encephale isole
Definition

cut off all sensory stimulation

transection of brain stem - spinal chord & medulla

(sleep and wakefulness retained in cat)

Term
Cerveau isole
Definition

transection higher; midbrain level

(cat went into permanent coma)

cut right thru reticular formation associated with arousal & wakefulness

Term
Assending Reticular Activation System (ARAS)
Definition
general arousing system; not modality specific, very much affected by drugs (from reticular fomation up to the cortex)
Term
Diffuse Thalamic Projection System (DTPS)
(Thalamocortical System)
Definition
sends imput to sensory projection areas; very modality specific; not affected by drugs
Term
Descending Reticular Activation System (DRAS)
Definition
works in conjuction with ARAS; associated with back and neck pain; originates in cerebellum
Term
REM rebound
Definition
an increase in REM sleep observed in individuals who have been deprived of REM sleep
Term
Paradoxical sleep
Definition
derived from observation that the brain appears very active while skeletal muscles are very inactive (stressful but its the stage we need the most)
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