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Drug affects at Presynaptic membrane

Stage 1:Synthesis of Transmission

Stage 2: Conduction of Action Potentials

Stage 3: Axonal Transport

Stage 4: Release of Synaptic Transmitters

Stage 5: Storage of Transmitters into Vessicles

Stage 6: Modulation of Transmitter release by Presynaptic Receptors

Stage 7: Inactivation of Transmitter Reuptake

Stage 8: Blockade of Transmitter Degradation

Postsynaptic effects

Stage 1: Degradation of Transmitter

Stage 2: Alteration of the Number of Postsynaptic Receptors

Stage 3: Blockade of Receptors

Stage 4: Activation of Receptors

Stage 5: Modulation of Second Messengers

Antidepressants

Antidepressants

(Cont'd)

Anxiolytics

(Cont'd)

Alcohol

(Cont'd)

Amphetamine/Methamphetamine

Amphetamine/Methamphetamine

(Cont'd)

Moral Model

Drug Addiction

Hormones:

Hypothalamus

Control of hormone secretions

Pineal Gland

• Reproductive Maturation

• Body Rhythms

Anterior Pituitary Gland

Hormone secretion by:

• Thyroid

• Adrenal Cortex
  

• Growth

Releases: Tropic hormones

• Prolactin
• Gonadotropic (FSH & LH)
• Thyroid Stimulating
• ACTH
• Growth

Posterior Pituitary

• Water Balance

• Salt Balance

Releases Hormones:

• Oxytocin
• Vasopressin

Thyroid

• Growth and Development

• Metabolic Rate
  

Adrenal Cortex

(outer bark)

• Salt and Carbohydrate metabolism

• Inflamitory reactions
  

Adrenal Medulla

(inner core)

Emotional Arousal

Pancreas

(islets of Langerhans)

Sugar Metabolism

Gut

• Digestion

• Appetite Control

Gonads

(testes/ovaries)

• Body Development

• Maintenence of reproductive organs in adults

The testes though removed and implanted in an alternate body location, still affected development both physically and in terms of social adaptation (crowing, mounting hens, etc)

Thus, we can conclude that they release a hormmone that is imparitive in organizing the nervous system for proper physical develpoment as well as inducing male-specific behaviors

Steroid Hormones

Functional categories of hormones

Hypothalamus influences Pituitary activity

1. Stimulation produces brain activity in mother
2. Increased brain activity results in to Hypothalamus
3. Cells in Hypothalamus produce Oxytocin and release it through the Posterior Pituitary
4. The Oxytocin causes cells in the mammary gland to contract and release milk

Hypothalamus -->Anterior Pituitary Hormones and Their Functions

Stress Response

Adrenal Cortex releases:

• Glucocorticoids
• Cortisol
• Aldosterone
• Androstenedione

Pituitary releases:

• ACTH

Adrenal Medulla releases:

• Epinephrine
• Norepinephrine

(fight/flight)

Cortisol

Evolution

Adaptation

Natural Selection

Sexual Selection

Evolutionary Psychology

Evolutionary psychology (EP) explains psychological traits—such as memory, perception, or language—as adaptations, that is, as the functional products of natural selection or sexual selection. .

4 Aspects of Darwin's Theory

Modern Evolutionary Theory

1. Mutations create variations.

2. Unfavorable mutations hamper reproduction and are selected out.

3. Reproduction and mutation continue.

4. Adaptive mutations are favored and spread through the population.

Two ways that evolution informs study of the brain & behavior:

How has modern evolutionary theory changed with the advancements in genetics?

Behavioral traits are passed.

Genetic inheritence may not be beneficial to the species.

Example: the propensity of lies or deciet.

Blue eyes vs brown offer know beneficial difference but are passed none the less

Encephalization Factor

• Olfactory Bulb
• Cerebral Hemisphere
• Corpus Callosum
• Hypothalamus
• Pituitary Gland
• Thalamus
• Mid-Brain

Describe the mechanism of action (which refers to the aspect of synaptic function that is altered) for the tricyclic antidepressants.

      Tricyclic antidepressants block NE and 5-NT transporters preventing the reuptake of these neurotransmitters, thereby allowing them to remain in the synapse longer. 

Where at the synapse are the CB₁ receptors located; how do they alter neurotransmission?

     The majority of CB₁ receptors are located on the presynaptic neuron.  Endocannabinoids are actually released from the postsynaptic neuron and serve as  retrograde transmitters   Activation of CB₁ receptors inhibits Ca²⁺ flow into the presynaptic neuron, reducing the release of neurotransmitter (usually glutamate or GABA) from the presynaptic neuron.  

The dopamine-containing fibers of the mesolimbocortical system originate in the

ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the midbrain

The releasing hormones made by the

hypothalamus.

    Oxytocin is important for reproductive and parenting behaviors (facilitates bonding), uterine contraction during childbirth, and the milk letdown reflex.