Term
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Definition
-AKA signal transduction -initiated by receptor/ligand binding leading to receptor activation -Leads to second messengers (cAMP, DAG, etc) |
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Term
T or F Physiological processes are controlled by a single hormone |
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Definition
False- they are controlled by multiple hormones |
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Term
True or false Each hormone can have multiple roles |
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Definition
True Ex- Insulin -> increased glucose uptake in liver and adipose tissue, increase fatty acid synthesis by adipocytem and increase glycogen synthesis in the liver and muscles |
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Term
| List the components of the endocrine system |
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Definition
1. Hormone producing cell (synthesizes and secretes hormone) 2. Hormone (1st messenger) 3. Delivery system (blood) 4. Target cell 5. Receptor 6. Signal transduction pathway 7. Biological response
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Term
| Local control mechanisms and where they are often found |
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Definition
Autocrine/paracrine Often found in pituatary gland and gonads |
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Term
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Definition
-Proteins, peptides, catecholamines -Transport in circulation does not require interaction with "carrier" -Turnover very quickly (seconds or minutes) -Blood concentrations in the pM |
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Term
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Definition
-Steriods and Thyroids -Transportation requires blood proteins to travel -Binding to carrier delays uptake and degradation by the liver, stays in blood for days Blood concentrations in the nM |
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Term
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Definition
C and N terminus Huge (10,000 MW) ex- growth hormone |
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Term
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Definition
As small as 3 AAs Hydrophilic Ex- thyroid releasing hormone |
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Term
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Definition
Made from tyr COnjugated ring structure ex. Epinephrine |
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Term
| Controls of Blood hormone levels |
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Definition
Production rate -Synthesis and secretion -Controlled by stimulatory and inhibitory factors
Disposal rate -Uptake and degradation
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Term
| Mechanisms for hormone removal from plasma |
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Definition
-Binding hormones to receptors and internalization -Degradation of catecholamines and hydrophobic hormones via methyl tranfer or oxidation
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Term
| Post translational modification |
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Definition
Pre-pro hormone: signal peptide is removed -> pro-H
Pro-hormone: 1. Cut/proteolyzed 2. Dimeratization 3. Disulfide bond formation 4. Glycosylation -> Hormone -> Storage in a secretory vesicle
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Term
Neurosecretory cells are most common in the _____ |
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Definition
| Posterior pituatary gland and hypothalamus |
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Term
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Definition
1. Contains peptides/ AAs in axon 2. When stimulated, releases peptides/ AAs into blood |
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Term
| Epithelial glandular cells |
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Definition
-Found in the anterior pituatary -Hormone release via exocytosis -Release can be constituative (constant) or regulated -RER and storage vesicles are important |
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Term
| Hormones released from _____ and ____ nuclei travel to the posterior pituatary |
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Definition
*Supraocta nucleus and Paraventricular nucleus *Travel via inferior hypophesial artery |
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Term
| Hormones released from the _____ are released at the median eminence and bathe the _____ |
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Definition
1. Arculate nucleus 2. Anterior pituatary *Travel via the superior hypopheseal artery |
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Term
| Posterior pituatary hormones |
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Definition
-Vasopressin and oxytocin -Both are 9 AA peptides -Synthesized/secreted from neurosecretory cells -Drain directly into systemic circulation (increase in [ ] in circulating blood)
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Term
| Vasopressin (ADH) precursor |
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Definition
-Precursor is 162 AAs -19 AAs are signal -9 are the active peptide -Also cleaves into Neurophysin and Glycopeptide
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Term
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Definition
-Important AAs = Arg and Phe -9 AAs long - has S-S bond
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Term
| Factors stimulating vasopressin secretion |
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Definition
-Blood volume decrease -Blood pressure reduction -Blood osmolarity increase -Stress
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Term
| Vasopressin target tissues and receptors |
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Definition
-Blood vessel via V1 receptor -Kidney via V2 receptor |
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Term
| Vasopressin mechanism of action in kidney |
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Definition
ADH + V2 receptor -> Gs -> cAMP -> PKA -> phosphorylates targets in collective tubule |
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Term
| Vasopressin action in the kidney |
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Definition
-Increases permeabiliy of kidney collecting duct to water by add'n of aquaporins to apical membrane of the duct -> Water retention and decrease urine formation -Also control blood volume and sodium concentrations |
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Term
| Body composition of males vs females |
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Definition
-Men= more water b/c they have less fat -Women= less water b/c more fat *Both are comprised mainly of water (50/60%)
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Term
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Definition
Increase body water -Thirst, drinking - Thirst center controlled by osmoreceptors in CNS
Decrease in body water -Exhale CO2 + H2O -Urination (ADH only inhibits this) -Sweat -Feces
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Term
| Xy with 5-alpha-reductase deficiency |
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Definition
-Xy
- Appears female at birth, "becomes" male at puberty
-Male gonads and ducts
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Term
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Definition
-XXy male
-Small, sterile testes
-Internal and external male genitalia |
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Term
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Definition
-Xy genetically
-No androgen receptor
-NO duct system
-Small sterile testes but female phenotype
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Term
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Definition
-XO
-Streak ovaries (non-functioning)
-Female phenotype |
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Term
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Definition
Increased: BMR, O2 consumption, number of mitochondria, type of mitochondrial enzymes, CO, HR, heat production, myosin heavy chain activity, gluconeogenesis, protein turnover, TAG mobilization
Decreased: TSH, TRH |
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Term
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Definition
Increased: Blood glucose, gluconeogenesis, glycogen breakdown, lipolysis
Decreased: Glucose use/uptake, collagen synthesis, immune function |
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Term
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Definition
Increased: Excretion of Ca/Pi, bone formation, cAMP
Decreased: Reabsorption of Ca/Pi, bone loss, Ca/Pi levels in the blood
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Term
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Definition
Increase: Ca reabsorption, osteoclast activity, Vit D activation
Decrease: Pi reasborption |
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Term
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Definition
-XX
-Female gonads
-Both duct systems
-Both phenotypes |
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Term
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Definition
Increased prolactin -> decreased GnRH -> no LH/FSH secretion |
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Term
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Definition
Males have no Leydig cells, which means no production of testosterone (and therefore no sperm) |
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Term
| Xy with low testosterone as embryo |
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Definition
-Male gonads and ducts
-Both phenotypes |
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Term
| Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia |
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Definition
No cortisol is secreted from the adrenal gland -> hypersecretion of ACTH -> increased T
Excess T has negative effects on male gonads |
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Term
| Which hormones studied act via JAK-Kinases? |
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Definition
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