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Definition
| maintain or moving to a control set point |
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| assembly of atoms, major physiological ones are proteins, carbs, lipids, and nucleic acids |
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Basic unit of life
Use energy, has metabolism, removes waste
All the cells doesn't have the same function
RBC's is the simple cell no nucleus |
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| collection of similar cells w/ same local function |
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Collection of different tissue
Carries out distinct function in the body |
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Collection of organs
Controls major coordinated functions |
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| maintain the normal physiological state |
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-interstitial fluid (liquid around the cell)
All cells are surrounded by this, if the fluid is gone you will die
-If protein and interstitial fluid meets then swelling will occur |
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Definition
(Common)
Event X causes a change away from state set point. Response Y causes a return to set point basis of homeostasis |
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| Examples of Negative feedback are............. |
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Definition
| blood pressure, ion concentrations, and muscle reflexes |
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Definition
(rare but important)
Event X causes a change to a new set point (set change) No return to original set point |
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| Example of positive feedback are.............................. |
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Definition
Blood clot: going from liquid blood to a solid scab
Parturition: Having a baby inside you one min then not having anything there the next min. |
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Definition
liquid portion: high protein content
Protein cluster: organized enzyme pathways enhance metabolism
*football analogy* |
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thousands of reactions
Enzymes are proteins catalysts
Structural proteins energy production enzymes, storage and use of carbs and lipids |
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Definition
-Chain of connected amino acids
-Structure determined by genes mRna from nucleus codes for protein manufacture on ribosome's
-20 amino acids |
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Definition
-Combination of protein and RNA
-Free ribosomes make proteins for use in cytosol
-Few or no modification after production
-Chaperones help protein folding
-Proteins work when folded into proper shape, when it's taken out it's proper shape it's dysfunctional |
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-Glycogen is polymer of glucose in muscle for use during contraction in liver to maintain blood glucose between meals some in many other tissue
-You need glucose present in body to keep function |
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Definition
-Complex of interconnected membrane tubules
-Production of exported or organelle proteins
-Smooth and rough tubes are all connected
-Rough has ribosomes - site of protein synthesis
-Smooth has no ribosomes |
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Definition
-Ribosomes link amino acids
-Newly formed protein threaded into ER lumen as it is made
-New proteins move through ER to Smooth ER |
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Definition
-Produces vesicles that carry new protein to Golgi Apparatus
-Produce new membrane complex lipid molecules ex. cholesterol |
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Definition
-Series of flattened membrane tubes
-Receives vesicles from SER
-Site of protein modification
-Direct vesicles with new protein to specific organelles or the cell membrane
-Docking proteins on vesicles and destination membrane ensure proper delivery arranged as a lock and key arrangement |
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Definition
-Protein in GA have amino acids removed or modified
-Sugars ware added to proteins and modified
-Proteins only work in specific shapes
-Most proteins naturally fold into their appropriate shape
-Chaperons ensure proteins fold properly |
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Definition
| Vesicle from BA w/ export proteins merge w/ membrane and dump contents increase intracellular Ca +++ triggers exocytosis - ATP is needed |
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Definition
Contain digestive enzymes, merge w/endocytotic vesicles digestive molecules down to useable size, Protein to amino acids
-Complex carbs to monosaccharides |
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Definition
must occur to balance exocytosis
-Extracellular molecules bind receptors and trigger membrane infolding
-Bacteria or dead cells trigger phagocytosis |
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Definition
many reactions
-Contains anit oxidants
-Destroy oxygen radicals (very reactive, destroy protein function) |
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Definition
X-P has activity that X alone does not
X+ATP-> X-P + ADP |
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| Anaerobic Energy Production-glycolysis |
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Definition
-in cytoplasm (free ATP) and cell membrane (ATP for ion pumps)
-2 ATP/glucose w/o oxygen |
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| Mitochondria- Aerobic Energy Production |
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Definition
-double membrane structure
-outer membrane has larger pores
-TCA cycle inside matrix of inner membrane
-electron transport system part of the inside membrane using |
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Definition
| Krebs cycle- TCA or citric acid cycle in mitochondrial matrix |
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| Mitochondrial Inner Membrane |
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Definition
-Cytochromes form electron transport system on inner membrane
-Oxidative Phosphorylation NADH donates electron to ETS, H+ follows, NAD recycled
-As e- passes, ATP made at 3 cytochromes e- + H++ oxygen -> H20 use of inhaled oxygen |
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| Oxidative Phosphorylation |
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Definition
| microtubules MTS, kills, dividing cells |
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Definition
-Octagonal barrel shaped structures
-May be involved in transport from the nucleus to cytoplasm
-mRna and ribosomes are possible cargo |
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Definition
-intracellular frameworks
-protein polymer filaments of different size and function |
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Definition
-Polymers of tubulin, have positive and negative ends
-Cell stability/transport along neurons, move vesicles, organelles, and chromosomes
-Kinesins carries carrggo along microtubles in positive direction
-Dyein moves cargo in negative direction (or carry each other)
-Taxol (anti-cancer drug) binds to and stablizes |
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| "field of waving wheat" present in lungs oviducts, propels mucus, moves things outword, dynein drives MT twists |
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| propel sperm into ovum, rotary movement |
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-permanent load bearing filaments in stressed cells AKA present in (skin)
-Maintain shape |
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Definition
-thins filament: actin polymer
-thick filaments: myosin polymer
-movements in muscle and WBC's |
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Definition
-Seperates Intracellular fluid (ICF)from Interstitial fluid (IF)
-Physical and Chemical barrier
-Physical: some thins can and cannot fit through
-Chemical: somethings can get through b/c of their nature |
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Definition
-Backbone of membranes
-Soap-like
-Fluidity: within membrane and as a whole |
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Definition
-dislike water
-molecules cross easily |
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Definition
-outer sides of membrane
- dont cross by diffusion except H20 |
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-Interspersed between lipid portions of phospholipids
- Prevents closing packing of fatty acid chains
-Create membrane fluidity (flexibility) |
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| in membranes: some mobile, some restricted |
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Definition
-Only ions go through
-Proteins channels span membrane
-open or closed
-receptors open channels |
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-"revolving" protein, no ATPase
-Alternate open side
2 types
1. molecules move with gradient
2. co-transport with ion, usually NA+ use the ion gradient for energy source |
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Definition
recognize and bind to secretory vesicles
sites of exocytosis |
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Definition
Catalyze reaction A->B
some activated by receptors some always active |
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Definition
(On outside)
-Bind to solute, either chemical or ion
-some are activated by physical change (touch)
-Activate either channel or enzyme |
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Term
| Cell adhesion's molecules |
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Definition
-Anchor cells to other cells or to basal lamina (non cellular surface)
-Maintain tissue integrity |
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| Carbohydrate- Protein Complexes |
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Definition
-Identify "self" to the immune system
-Basis for separation of cells into tissues during embryonic
-Limit normal tissue growth to confined region
-Abnormalities occur during metastic cancer |
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| Intercellular Connections |
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Definition
| Protein and large structures |
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| CAM- Cell Adhesion Molecules |
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Definition
Proteins
anchor cells
Control cell migration |
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Definition
-block movement between cells
-Create tissue sideness
-Skin, intestines, kidneys
-Allow selective transport, molecules must go through cells |
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Definition
-Cellular rivets
-Hold moving cells together: skin, heart
-Heart and skin loaded with these |
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-Channels between cells: ions pass, electrical link
-Electrical signal from one cell activates next cells
-Heart, GI tract, bladder, uterus |
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