Term
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Definition
No dose threshold
Severity of effect not related to dose
Cancer |
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Term
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Definition
Dose threshold
Severity increases with dose
skin, cataracts, infertility, ARS |
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Term
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Definition
1 in 1000 at 10 mSv
1 in 100 at 100 mSv
Leukemia 2-12 yrs
Solid tumor 20 yrs
Breast risk doubles incidence with 1 Gy |
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Term
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Definition
2 Gy - early erythema - w/in few hours
15 Gy - severe desquamation |
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Term
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Definition
0.5 Gy acute and chronic exposure
Typically start in posterior pole of lens while senile cataracts start in anterior pole |
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Term
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Definition
Overall 50 mSv/yr
88 mGy/min
176 mGy/min for high level
No limits for cine/fluorography |
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Term
| Exposure Hazards for staff - Fluoro |
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Definition
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Term
| Exposure Limits for Staff - Fluoro |
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Definition
50 mSv/yr
Typical staff dose in IR = 1/1000 of pt entrance exposure |
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Term
| Digital Subtraction Angiography (DSA) |
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Definition
| Subtraction results in increased noise |
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Term
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Definition
Reduce exposure time
Reduce area of exposure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Male - 2.5 Gy temp sterility, 5.0 Gy perm sterility
Female – 1.5 and 6 |
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Term
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Definition
Hematopoietic >2 Gy
GI >10 Gy
CNS > 20 Gy
Neurovascular > 50 Gy |
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Term
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Definition
| 5 Gy usually fatal – usually within less than 2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
Fetal risk with 0.15 Gy (organogenesis is wk 2-8, malformations most commonly CNS – however most sensitive is b/t 8-15 weeks during fetal growth)
Most likely to be fatal during the pre-implantation phase – only a few cells present so if some are damaged, chance of survival is low
Conception age (DETERMINISTIC EFFECTS)
3rd-4th week - SpAb
3rd-8th week – malformations
9th-15th week – IQ/MRDD |
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Term
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Definition
radiation risk of medical imaging procedures and other low levels of radiation
Atom bomb survivors |
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Term
| Linear No-Threshold model |
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Definition
most often used for radiation protection
Straight-line relationship between dose and risk at low levels of radiation
Originated from Muller and x-ray induced mutations in Drosophila |
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Term
| LAR – lifetime attributable risk |
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Definition
| synthesis of risk estimates by ERR and EAR models |
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Term
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Definition
0.25 mm protects against scatter
0.50 mm protects against primary beam |
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Term
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Definition
Beam energy and filter
Collimation
Source to skin distance (inverse square law)
Pt to image intensifier (lower distance = lower dose)
Magnification (increases dose)
Grid
Exposure time |
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Term
| Minimize operator dose by: |
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Definition
aiming x-ray tube towards ceiling
scatter will be towards the feet |
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