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Details Title: Physical Anthropology Final Description: Anth 304 final Total Flash Cards: 68 Created: 12/12/2006 11:07:06	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term anagenesis Definition species develops and slowly changes to new species, linear Term cladogenesis Definition evolutionary splitting event in which each branch and its smaller branches forms a "clade", an evolutionary mechanism and a process of adaptive evolution that leads to the development of a greater variety of sister organisms. Term paleospecies Definition group of similar fossils whose range of morphological variation does not exceed the range of variation of a closely related living species Term phylogeny Definition evolutionary sequence or family tree Term primitive traits Definition result from anceint ancestory; everyone has doesn't matter if related ex.5 digits Term derived traits Definition result from recent adaptations to specific enviroments ex.large human brain compared to other primates Term parallelism Definition structural similarities arise independently(may not be from common ancestor) ex.long forarms arose/evolved indepdendently because of arboreal adaptations to feeding Term convergence Definition similar enviroments demand similar phenotypic responses ex.flippers of whales, seals, sea cows are not connected w/ ancestors at all just work well in enviroment Term relative dating techniques Definition statigraphy: palynology(pollen) nitrogen,flourine,uranium(from teeth) Term chronometric dating techniques Definition radiocarbon (organ material) potassium-argon (volcanic eruption/something that has been heated) urinium dating (Europ) dendrochronology (treerings) Term angiosprem radiation theory Definition adaptive radiation in concert with radiation of angiosperms(flowering plants) origin of primates Term hominoidea Definition all apes/humans Term pongidae Definition orangutans Term hominidae Definition gorillas, chimps, humans, and common ancestors Term homininae Definition humans and their immediate ancestors Term Intermenbral Index Definition humerus + radius (arm)/ femur + tibia (legs) provides info on locomotion brachiator-105 or above vertical clinger/leaper- 70 and above Term features of bipedalism Definition foramen magnum is under head spine has two curves(keeps weight on pelvis) pelvis basin-shaped, liliac blades short/broad lower limbs femure angled inward big toe enlarges/brought inline w/others Term hominid trends Definition erect bipedalism anterior tooth reduction effective adjustment to terrestrail enviroment brain size increase reduced robusticity biological solutions replaced by cultural solutions Term spine Definition shaped like s directly underneath foraman magma Term pelvis Definition 3 bones: Ilium, Ischium, Pubis support whole body Term sacrum Definition tailbone; supports weight **differientiates humans/apes humans: broader/birth canal chimp:narrow a.afarensis-broader Term femur Definition chimp: thickness is consistent at bas and top of femoral neck human: knock kneed/angular Term bicondylar angle Definition abturator exteinusoriginates at front of pelvis, attahced to back of fermural neck humans: flattened with grove angle the femure makes w/ knee: chimp-90 degrees human: 110 degrees lucky: 114-120 degrees Term hallux Definition big toe in bipeds aligned to "toe-off" chimp.: is diverged Term Eugene Dubois Definition found homo erectus pithencanthropus eretus Term Ambrona Definition Spain 40,000bp possible kill site butcher site of large pleitocene animals(elephants/rhino) Term John Gorche Definition Ku grad, anthropologist/artist recontructs early hominins Term Cann, Stoneking, Wilson Definition mtdna formed into 2 groups: 1. only Africans 2. everyone else in world and Afirica *more diversity in African groups Term Out of Africa Definition "eve" theory "eve" at 200,000bp in africa modern humans did not evolve slowly in other parts of the world evolution took place in one area "unity of humans" Term Multiregional evoluiton Definition regional continuity; opposite of out of Africa humans evolved slowly in differend parts of the world Term Doli Vestonice Definition Moravia skin huts,ovens, artofacts or teeth, mammoth jewelry, buried dead, art, venus figurines Term olduwan tools Definition homo or authralopithicus crude, UNIFACIAL, spheriod Term acheulian handaxes Definition h.erectus BIFACIAL *symmetrical(suggests mental template/thought) curated/resharpened(prepared ahead of time) little or no cortext(reused) Term Pleistocene overkill theory Definition humans hunted megafauna to extinciton Term village life Definition jericho jarmo,Iraq catal huyuk, Turkey Term 6 centers of civlization Definition Old World: Mesoptamia Egypt Indus River Valley China New World: Perus Mesoamerica Term Paleocene Definition purgatoruis(oldes of Cenozoic era) adaptive radiation of placental mammals earliest candidates for primate order Term Eocene Definition adapis/omomyids (2nd epoch) "primates of modern aspect" prosimian like forms (lemur/tarsier-like) Term Oligocene Definition Apidium/Aeoypotpithecus (3rd epoch) earliest anthropoids easlies candidates for hominoids Term Miocene Definition Proconsul/Sivapithecus/Gigantopithecus/Orrorin (4th epoch) anthropoid radiation hominoid radiation Term Pliocene Definition Australopithecuse/Kenyapithecus (5th epoch) earliest humans Term Pleistocene Definition all the Homos (6th epoch) homo sapiens neanderthals flourishing modern humans extinciton of mega fauna Term Holocene Definition NOW! Term purgatoruis Definition paleocene earliest primate candidate looks like a rat found in Montana Term adapis magnus adapis notharctus Definition EOCENE magnus found in Euro. nathorctus found in north amer. like modern lemure no tooth comb Term Omomyid Definition EOCENE tarsier-like larger brain than modern tarsier Term Apidium Definition OLIGOCENE primate ancestor to new world monkeys dental 2:1:3:3 Term Aeoyptopithecus Definition Oligocene dental of humans 2:1:2:3 mosaic evolution( head is ape/body is monkey) Term Proconsul Definition Miocene found in Africa apre y-5 molar Term Sivapithecus Definition Miocene organg-like found in Euro/China mosaic ev Term Gigantopithecus Definition Miocene found in China/India largest ape ever, overlap hominins in Asia Term Orrorin tugenesis Definition Miocene found in Kenya 5 indivisuals climbers live in woodlands Term Taung Child Definition Pliocene Australopithecus africanus found by Dart foramen magnum between chimp/human (mosaic evolution) Term A. robustus Definition pliocene crest in head like gorilla dish face brow ridge huge teeth Term A.Boisei Definition Pliocene found by Lewis/Mary Leakey in Rift Valley very robust huge teeth contriction around eyes(stops jaw muscle from rubbing) Term A.afrarensis Definition Pliocene found by Johanson called Lucy found in Ethiopia shows 90,000yrs of little change large temporal fossa Term A.afrarensis Definition Pliocene found by Johanson called Lucy found in Ethiopia shows 90,000yrs of little change large temporal fossa Term A. ramidus Definition Pliocene found in Hadar biped woodland area(not savhanna) Term A.garhi Definition Pliocene found in Hadar like between A.afrarensis and early homo- teeth like early homo Term Kenyapithecus platyops Definition Pliocene found by Meave Leakey c.c. similar to homo forest enviroment not sure where skeleton fits in Term H.habalis Definition Pleistocene increase in brain size, large face/teeth, no external nose Term H.rudolfensis Definition Pleistocene small body large teeth Term H.erectus Definition Pleistocene 1.8mya-200,000bp acheulian handazes increase brain no necks brow ridges sagittal keel external nost Term Pithecanthropus Definition Pleistocene found by Dubois called Java Man 1rs erectus found in Java Term Peking Man Definition Pleistocene h.erectus 40 indivisuals found; concept of homebase;chopping tools; cooking evidence Term Turkana Boy Definition Pleistocene found in Africa oldest h.erectus tall/lean (Bergmann’s rule) Term Nariakotame Boy Definition Pleistocene most complete hominin found Term H. sapiens neanderthalensis Definition Pleistocene (13,000-30,000) Mousterian tools (Levallois technique) burial (Shanidar Cave, Iraq), hyoid bone(speech)