Term
| The first step in making cortisol is the ___ ____ step and is under control of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| The first step in making cortisol is the ___ ____ step and is under control of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| ACTH affects the ___ ___ of the adrenal glands that is responsible for making ___. |
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Definition
- zona pallucida
- cortisol |
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Term
| ____ ___ regulates the zona g's production of ____. |
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Definition
| - Angiotension II> zona g> aldosterone |
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Term
| ___ is the main glucocorticoid. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is not as good of glucocorticoid but is a better mineralocorticoid. |
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Definition
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Term
| Synthetic glucocorticoid steroids have more glucocorticoid activity than ___ but are not very good ____, thus you don't have ___ retention. |
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Definition
- cortisol
- mineralocorticoid
- sodium |
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Term
| ___ is the main mineralocorticoid in people it causes ___ ___. It has basically no ___ action b/c of its low concentration. |
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Definition
Aldosterone
sodium retention
no glucocorticoid action |
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Term
| explain cascade of events that happens when CRH is released from the hypothalamus. |
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Definition
| hypothalamus> corticotropin releasing hormone> anterior pituitary corticotrophic cells> secrete ACTH, MSH, and beta-endorphins |
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Term
| without ACTH, what happens to your adrenal glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| why is it bad to take steroids? |
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Definition
- taking steriods stops production of ACTH, so your adrenal glands shrink
- so when you get off of the steroids, you won't be able to make glucocorticoids> can be life threatening |
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Term
| ACTH and MSH both cause ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ gives rise to beta endorphins, MSH, and ACTH. |
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Definition
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Term
| How do you measure corticosteroids? |
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Definition
- 24 hour urine sample and extract metabolites from corticosteroids
- they measure 17-hydroxysteroids which indicate too much cortisol
- they also measure 17-ketosteroids which indicate too much androgens in the blood stream (testosterone) |
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Term
| _____ in urine indicates too much androgens in blood stream. |
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Definition
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Term
| _____ ____ indicate too much cortisol in the bloodstream. |
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Definition
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Term
| hypothalamus> CRH> anterior pituitary> ACTH> adrenal cortex> cortisol> cortisol feeds back on anterior pituitary and hypothalamus (negative feed back) |
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Definition
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Term
| Hypoglycemia causes release of ___ and ___. ___ is a life saver in long term starvation b/c once you are out of glycoen, ___ starts stimulating the liver to make enzymes for gluconeogenesis. It also helps ___ protein synthesis, so that amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis. |
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Definition
- ACTH and cortisol
- Cortisol
- cortisol
- inhibit |
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Term
| If you do not have cortisol what happens? |
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Definition
- adrenal crisis= life threatening
- small fracture in foot> shock> death
- this is why when people with Addison's diesease are sick, they have to take more cortisol and glucocorticoids to help cope with the stressACT |
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Term
| ACTH and cortisol levels are ___ ___. They rise in the morning, decline during the day, and rise again the next morning. |
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Definition
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Term
| So if patient is given steriods as anti-inflammatory or for asthma it will suppress their own ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Corticosteroids and synthetic steroids have an _____ affect, ___ glucose, and have some ____ activity. So if you have too much cortisol you will have ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- anti-inflammatory
- increase
- mineralocorticoid
- hypertension
- hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Too much cortisol causes: |
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Definition
hypertension
hyperglycemia |
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Term
| Too little cortisol causes: |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is too much ACTH and low cortisol the person will look ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| If there is low ACTH and high cortisol the person will look ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Raise cortisol> inhibit protein synthesis in most cells> net production of amino acids> blood > liver> enzymes induced for gluconeogenesis> lot of glucose made by liver at expense of amino acids> lot of left over nitrogen so lots of urea (negative nitrogen balance, meaning you are breaking down body)> hyperglycemia> ACTH will also stimulate realease of fatty acids> increased fatty acids in blood> glycerol used for gluconeogenesis |
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Definition
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Term
| Too much cortisol> fat floating around > fat collects in trunk, so too much cortisol> hyperglycemia> trunkal obesity : fat in abdomen and face and buffalo hump, their arms and legs waste away, very poor muscle strength b/c chewing up proteins from muscle, also develop purple stria= subcutaneous hemorrhages b/c fragile blood vessels due to decreased protein in blood vessel wall |
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Definition
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Term
| People who take steroids bruise really easily b/c of decreased protein in blood vessel walls. |
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Definition
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Term
| decreased sodium and blood pressure> juxtaglomerular apparatus> renin> renin converts angiotensingen renin substrate into angiotensin I> (ACE)> Angiotensin II> vasoconstriction and Aldosterone made> decreased sodium clearance and increased potassium and hydrogen clearance |
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Definition
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Term
| Ultimately what does the renin angiotensin pathway do? |
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Definition
- Ang II > vasoconstriction
- Aldosterone> decreases sodium clearance and increases potassium and hydrogen clearance
- ultimately increases blood pressure |
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Term
| Aldosterone can cause ___ if too much hydrogen is cleared. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main effects of having too much aldosterone: |
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Definition
- low potassium
- hypertension
- can have alkylosis b/c excreting too much hydrogen |
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Term
| Zona f cells have ___ receptors and make ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Zona G cells have ___ receptors and make ___. |
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Definition
- angiotensin
- aldosterone |
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Term
| If you lose the pituitary you lose ____, if you lose the adrenal cortex you lose ___ and ___. |
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Definition
- cortisol
- aldosterone and cortisol |
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Term
| Sympathetics have ___ preganglionic fibers and ___ postganglionic fibers. Most sympathetic ganglion are ____. |
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Definition
- short
- long
- paravertebral |
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Term
| Parasympathetics has ____ preganglionic fibers and their ganglion are on the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Ganglionic intersections for both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are mediated by ___ and ___ receptors. |
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Definition
- acetylcholine
- nicotinic receptors |
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Term
| The adrenal medulla is a modified ___ ganglion. It has the ___ ___ nerve that innervates the ___ cells that make ___ and ___. There is no postganglionic neuron. Secretions go straight to the capillary bed. |
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Definition
- sympathetic ganglion
- long splanchic nerve
- chromatin cells
- epinephrine and norepinephrine |
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Term
| The adrenal glands make mostly ___, not very much ____. But sympathetic nerves make exclusively. |
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Definition
- adrenal glands> epinephrine (not much NE)
- sympathetic nerves> NE only |
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Term
| ___ ___ is the enzyme for the rate limiting step in forming epinephrine from ____. All ___ tissues have this enzyme. |
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Definition
- Tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)
- tyrosine
- sympathetic |
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Term
| tyrosine> (TH)> LDopa> DA> (DBH)> NE> (PNMT)> Epinephrine |
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Definition
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Term
| ____ is only found in the ___ ___, so this is the only tissue that can make epinephrine. |
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Definition
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Term
| PNMT in the ___ ___ is induced by ___ to make ___. |
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Definition
- adrenal medulla
- induced by cortisol to make epinephrine |
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Term
| What are the catecholamines? |
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Definition
- dopamine
- epinephrine
- norepinephrine |
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Term
| ___ and ___ feedback and inhibit tyrosine hydroxylase. |
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Definition
| Epinephrine and Norepinephrine |
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Term
| Epinephrine has a ___ group, while NE has an ___ group. |
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Definition
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Term
| Anti-depressants increase levels of ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| Main difference between epinephrine and norepinephrine: |
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Definition
- NE is a lousy beta 2 agonist
- Epineprhine is a good beta 2 agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 |
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Term
| Norepinephrine receptors: |
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Definition
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Term
| When either NE or epinephrine binds an alpha 1 receptor, ____ occurs. |
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Definition
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Term
| NE and Epi> alpha 1 receptor> vasoconstriction |
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Definition
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Term
| When NE and Epi bind alpha 2 receptors what happens? |
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Definition
NE release is inhibited
(negative feedback) |
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Term
| When NE and Epi bind a beta 1 receptor what happen? |
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Definition
- beta 1 receptors- cardiostimulatory
- increased heart rate and force of contraction |
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Term
| When epinephrine binds a beta 2 receptor what happens? |
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Definition
- bronchodilation
so asthmatics have beta 2 agonist inhalers |
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Term
| NE __ heart rate, ___ contractility, ___ cardiac output causes peripheral blood vessel ___, ___ systolic and diastolic bp, and ___ mean bp. |
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Definition
- increases
- increases
- increases
- vasoconstriction
- increases
- increases
- increases |
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Term
| Epinephrine ___ heart rate, contractility, and cardiac output. It causes ___ of skeletal blood vessels and ___ of GI tract blood vessels. It slightly ___ systolic bp, ___ diastolic bp, and has a slight increase or no change on mean bp. |
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Definition
- increases
- dilation
- constriction
- increases
- decreases |
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Term
| NE is a good vasoconstrictor but Epinephrine has mixed effects b/c: |
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Definition
- epinephrine> beta 2 dilation of bronchioles and of skeletal muscle vessels
- epinephrine> alpha 1 constriction of GI and skin blood vessels |
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Term
| difference b/w NE and Epinephrine injection? |
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Definition
- NE would increase bp
- Epinephrine wouldn't change blood pressure much |
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Term
| Fight or Flight Response: |
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Definition
- decreases blood flow to nonessential vascular beds
- maintains blood flow to essential vascular beds
- Opens anticipatory vascular beds in skeletal muscle
- Provides increased blood flow
- Dilates airways to increase oxygen delivery, excrete CO2, and reduce the work of breathing
- Provides energy for anticipated muscular activity via Epi and NE stimulating enzyme activities that rapidly release stored glucose and fatty acids |
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