Term
| maintenance of blood glucose is the exclusive function of the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| absorptive phase aka fed state: |
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Definition
| - after you eat, for about 2-3 hours after a meal |
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Term
| post-absorptive phase aka fasted state: |
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Definition
| release of stored fuel for energy |
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Term
| 60% of energy from our oxidized fuels go to producing ___. The other 40% is used for differentiation, structural integrity, growth and division, response to stimuli. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60-70% of our energy output is our ___ ___ ___. 25-30% of our energy output is ___. |
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Definition
- resting metabolic rate
- movement |
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Term
| glycolysis and TCA cycle use ___ ___ ___ to produce ATP. The electron transport chain uses ____ ___ to make ATP. |
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Definition
- substrate level phosphorylation
- oxidative phosphorylation |
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Term
| In glycolysis, fructose-6-phosphate is converted to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate via ____. This is the rate limiting step in glycolysis. This enzyme is activated by ___ and inhibited by ___. |
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Definition
- Phosphofructokinase (PFK)
- activated by insulin
- inhibited by glucagon |
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Term
| PFK is upregulated by ___ and downregulated by ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| what enzyme converts pyruvate to acetyl coA? |
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Definition
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Term
| The TCA cycle requires __ and is the main pathway that creates the biproducts needed for the electron transport chain. |
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Definition
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Term
pyruvic acid has 3 carbons
acetyl coA has 2 carbons |
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Definition
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Term
| products of one round of TCA cycle: |
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Definition
- 3 NADH (4 if you count the one made in the transition of pyruvate into acetyl coA)
- 2 CO2
- 1 FADH2
- 1 ATP
- 2 CoAs |
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Term
| in a fasted state, glucagon/insulin predominates. |
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Definition
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Term
| In a fed state ___ and ___ are high. |
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Definition
- insulin
- phosphofructokinase (PFK) |
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Term
| In a fasted state, ___ and ____ ____ are high. |
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Definition
- glucagon
- fructose-bisphosphatase |
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Term
| In a short term fasted state (3-4 hours after a meal), the body relies on ___ and ___ to produce blood glucose. |
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Definition
- glycogen
- glycogenolysis |
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Term
| In a long term fasted state your body relies on ___ to break down amino acids to raise blood glucose. |
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Definition
- gluconeogenesis via oxaloacetate
side note: muscle tries to conserve glycogen content for fight or flight |
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Term
| Fasting blood glucose must be maintained above ___mg/___ mL b/c acute hypoglycemia can lead to coma and death. |
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Definition
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Term
| define chronic hyperglycemia: |
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Definition
| - fasting blood glucose above 110mg/100mL |
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Term
| complications of chronic hyperglycemia: |
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Definition
- oxidative stress in cells
- lipotoxicity
- insulin resistance
- beta cell dysfunction
- ultimately T2DM
- problems with vasculature, kidneys, nerves, peripheral organs |
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Term
| In synthesizing glycogen from glucose, what enzyme is key? |
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Definition
| - glycogen synthase is key in adding glucose-1-phosphate to growing glycogen chain |
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Term
| The liver can store ___g of glycogen. Once this amount is reached, excess glucose is redirected to ___ ___ ___. |
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Definition
- 100
- fatty acid synthesis |
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Term
| In breaking down glycogen into glucose what enzyme is key? |
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Definition
| - glycogen phosphorylase is key enzyme needed to remove glucose-1-phosphates from glycogen chains. |
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Term
| What enzyme is unique to the liver and allows it to directly contribute to blood glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| The muscle can store about ___ grams of glycogen. After that it is converted to ___ __ and stored as ____. |
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Definition
400 grams
- fatty acid
- triglycerides |
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Term
| Muscle glycogen is/is not used to increase blood glucose during hypoglycemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| muscle glycogen is used during exercise for ___ production. muscles lack what enzyme that prevent them from contributing to blood glucose. |
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Definition
- ATP
- glucose-6-phosphatase |
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Term
| glucagon and insulin are both released from the ___. |
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Definition
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Term
| pyruvate is made into oxaloacetate by what enzyme? |
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Definition
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Term
| amino acids can be used for gluconeogenesis by glycerol entering in at the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate step, or by amino acids being made into OAA and then malate in mitochondria>>>malate goes to cytoplasm and goes back to oxaloacetate>>OAA gets converted by PEPCK to phosphoenylpyruvate. |
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Definition
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