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| "work producing," refers to the application of a nutritional, physical, mechanical, psychological, or pharmacological procedure or aid to improve physical work capacity, athletic performance, or responsiveness to training. |
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| anabolic (steroids), insulin sensitizers, fat loss agents, aerobic performance enhancers (blood doping), etc. |
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| many studies conducted on animals & may produce different effects in humans, studies not performed or controlled properly, and result may apply to select population and not public at large. |
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| aerobic performance enhancer that stimulates RBC formation and raises the hemoglobin/hematocrit levels when re-injected; pint of blood is drawn and spun and its RBCs removed. Then come performance time, the cells are reinfused creating an increase in hematocrit/RBCs allowing more oxygen to be carried throughout body. |
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| genetically engineered copy of the naturally occuring kidney hormone that produces RBCs that is used to enhance performance & increases the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood and RBC concentrations/hemoglobin by ~10%. |
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| fat loss agent that is structurally related to amphetamines; found in supplements like Metabolife & Ripped Fuel, ephedrine increases power/strength and enhances endurance/fat loss by activating the symp nerv sys (increase heart rate, body temp, HR) and increasing awareness, concentration, strength, power, time to fatigue, and weight loss (when combined w/caffine). Associated w/cardiac arrhythmia, stroke, & death. |
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| most widely used drug on earth, belongs to group of lipid-soluble compounds called purines (found naturally in cocoa/tea, chocolate and in carbonated beverages). Ergogenically it increases mental awareness and increases time to fatigue but also facilitates use of fat as fuel for exercise by stimulating lipolysis and elevating FFA levels, thus sparing the body's limited carbohydrate reserves. Also acts directly on adipose tissue by inhibiting enzyme that breaks down cAMP, increasing HSL activity, and leading to higher oxidation of fat and less reliance on carbs for ATP resynthesis. Can become addicting, induce insomnia, and increase heart rate/blood pressure. |
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| derived from testosterone, they are used to increase muscle hypertrophy, strength, and power; they are anabolic (performance enhancing) and androgenic (enhance male characteristics) and can be taken orally (digested, circulated and metabolized by liver - less effective/lasting) or injected (directly into the muscle, last longer by releasing slowly into body. Both forms can be combined by stacking or by pyramiding (progessive modification of drug usage over 2-18 week cycle). Have been shown to decrease body's own testosterone production, increase estrogen concentration, increase prostate size (due to chronic stimulation of gland), reduce/increase HDL & LDL levels respectively, increase blood platelet aggregation (leads to athero), decrease testicle size/sperm production and fertility, and liver damage. |
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| Cr produced naturally in kidney, liver, and pancreas but the unavailability of Cr can limit CP's ability to regenerate ATP, thus supplementation can change this. With Cr supplement, CP can produce adequate ATP and lessen the reliance on energy transfer from anaerobic metabolism and subsequently decrease lactic acid build up. Cr uptake is facilitated by insulin and exercise and builds over time. |
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