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| 3 Major Areas of Philosophy from bottom to top (classical). |
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Metaphysics- ultimate reality
Epistemology- how do we know
Ethics- How should we live |
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| A set of statements or propositions, one of which (conclusion) is said to follow from the others (premises). |
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-May 28th 585 BC-beginning of philosophy (predicted eclipse)
- All is Water (all exists as solid, liquid, gas)
-First Philosopher |
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-All is fire (everything is constantly changing)
-Logos (governs the world) |
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| -Whatever is, is, and cannot not be." (nothing changes) |
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-Offered several paradoxes of motion (achilles vs tortoise)
-Agrees with Parmenides (nothing changes), just gives illustrations to his points |
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-"All is numbers"
-math, theorem, most mystical |
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| Pre Socratic Philosophers |
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Thales, Heraclitus-observation, senses
Parmenides, Zeno, Pythagoras-reasoning |
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Both came out of pre socratic philosophers.
skepticism-no way of knowing truth
sophistry- professional speakers, came out of the skepticism, |
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-Declared "wisest" by Oracle at Delphi
-Claimed to do neither metaphysics nor epistemology.
-Embarrassed various "wise men" with pointed questions. |
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-He is a dualist, a realist, and an idealist.
-Low view of material objects
-education leads out of darkness
-harmonize heraclitus and parmenides
-3 allegories- The Sun, Divided line, Cave |
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-we come to "know" first by sensation of external objects.
-that substances are combinations of form and matter (hylomorphic Union).
-ultimate reality is here, now.
-4 causes (material, formal, efficient, final) |
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-neo platonist
-leads to augustine
-The one, rationale mind, volitional principle, Soul |
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-evil-it was the absence or privation of good.
-Platonists formed his views |
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-Ontological argument (A or B, contradictions, B is God)
-Ontological argument: Deductive, a priori |
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-5 claims God must exist
-All of Aquinas claims/ways are: A posteriori
-Motion, existence, contingency, morals, design purpose
-Only contingency is not based on Aristotelian causes |
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definition-mistakes in reasoning
formal fallacies-errors in structure of deductive arguments
informal fallacies-errors in the method, assumptions, tactics
examples: hasty generalizations, cases of false cause, weak analogies, false dichotomy, arguments against person, cases of slippery slope, red herring, cases of straw man, cases of begging the question, appeals to the people |
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-father of modernism
-father of rationality
-only keeps things that are true/certain
-moves epistemology to bottom.
-doubts all his beliefs
-meditations
- "I think, therefore I exist."
-epistemology-divide difficulties into small parts to examine them |
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-father of empiricism
-rely on 5 senses, reliable
-when born, we have a blank slate
- sensation and reflection causes ideas
-primary quality (what it is), substance,shape,motion
- secondary quality (appears to be) 5 senses |
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-no substantial world apart from the world of minds.
-basis of all reality: God's perception
-to exist, a thing must be perceived (tree falls, you must see it)
-material objects exist, but there is nothing that exists outside ideas/minds |
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-Atheistic/Skeptic
-Skeptic who denied that we can perceive cause and effect.
- problem with causality-We have no sensation of causality.
-Hume's denial of causality undermines scientific certainty.
-miracles-violation of natural law
-Rich kid |
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-Teleological argument (for the existence of God)- a posteriori
-response to hume
-Paley's argument seeks to show that the complexity in Nature justifies belief in a designer, a god of some sort. |
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-synthesize between rationalism and empiricism
-last modernist
-apriori/analytic appeals to rationalism
- Formulated the categories of the mind to explain how the mind interprets reality.
-aposteriori/synthetic-appelas to empiricism
-phenomena/noumena/goggles
-God exists in: The noumenal realm
-Kant's categories of the mind can only interpret the world of the phenomena, not the world of noumena. |
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-skeptical/denies commonalities
-everyone's areas of philosophy are different
-hypermodernism-embrace modernism
-antimodern-reject modern, return to classical
-incredulous towards meta narratives. |
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| Difference between premodern, modern, and postmodernism |
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premodern/classical- unified/transcendent, points outside beyond the self
Modern-singular unified, utilitarian/pragmatic
Post Modern- no overarching themes, self construction/reference |
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