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The idea that our past determines what we're more inclined to in our future.
Example: Shopenhauer claimed that because he is married, he is more inclined to go home after work then to a bar. |
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| Form of determinism which states that our past completely determines our future. Free will is therefore an illusion. The problem with this is that we wont have freedom! |
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Is the term hard determinists use to make their claim that our past determines the future completely.
Example: Dominos falling one after another. |
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| Form of determinism that states that our future is completely random! Free will therefore can exist. The problem with this idea is the fact that not everything in life is unpredictable! |
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| Supporter of indeterminism. |
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| Form of determinism that states that our past somewhat dictates our future, but we still have free will! Sometimes referred to as Compatibilism. Locke and Hume were defenders of this idea. The problem with soft determinism is that the past still is somewhat determining our future, therefore we have no freedom. |
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| Another word for soft determinism. |
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| Traditional Compatibilism |
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A type of soft determinism that says actions are free if they are caused by the will of the person without being forced.
Example: Dog could potentially NOT bark at night if it doesn't want to. |
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A type of soft determinism that says actions are free if they are caused by true authentic desires.
Example: A dog barking at night is not caused by free will because instinct makes him bark. He doesn't really want to. |
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| Philosopher was defined "true, authentic desires". |
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| A type of determinism that says human beings are agents that have the power to make things happen. The problem with this is that if its true, we have the ability to just forget about our families and responsibilities at any time and start off new. It is also way too religious and brings up more questions about why we have these powers to begin with. |
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| Libertarian idea that if an material thing causes something, it can go back completely to its past. |
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| Libertarian idea that we are agents who cause things to happen. That event can only go back to us and not to our past unlike event causation. |
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| Libertarian who believed that we are like little-Gods causing things to happen without anyone forcing us to do so. |
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| The idea that something looks the "same". |
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| The idea that something is numerically the "same". |
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| A theory regarding personal identity which states that we are constantly changing and we are never the same. Heraclitus, Hume, and William James were supporters of this theory. The problems with it were practical. How is it that your mother one day is not your mother the next? Predicability in life is completely lost! |
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| Theory regarding personal identity which stated that we are the same person as long as we have the same body, The problems with this are religious such as life after death, You are the same person in a different body! Another problem is that you could logically switch bodies with someone and still be yourself (Freaky Friday). Also, what if a person suffers from amnesia? |
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| Theory regarding personal identity which states that if we have the same soul, we are the same person. Problems with this theory include the fact that we don't know if souls actually exist! |
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| Theory regarding personal identity which states that as long as we remember something from the past, we are the same person. Problems with the memory theory are based around the fact that remembering things is just not sufficient enough! |
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| To the memory theory: Pointed out that he could remember one part of his life and not another and still be the same person. |
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| Direct and Indirect Memories |
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| Deal with the problem brought up by Thomas Reid which said that a direct memory is one you remember while an indirect memory is one you used to remember. |
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| Memories that actually happened. (vs. false memories) |
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| Developed the Quasi-Memory experience. |
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| Helps state the memory theory without specifically defining "Self". Advocates the memory theory. |
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| Philosopher who convinced people to stop thinking about what personal identity consists of and instead, decide whether its really important. |
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| Size, shape, color. Are public and can be viewed by others. |
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| Memories, sensations, hopes, dreams...etc. Private and can only be understood by you. |
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| Idea stating that our physical states are more important then our mental states. Ontological dependence- mental states can not exist without physical states. |
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| Mental and physical states are equally important and ontologically independent from one another. |
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| Mental states are more fundamental then physical states. |
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Supported by Descartes. States that mind and body are completely separated from one another. Example: near death experiences, people say their souls would separate from their bodies.
Problem with substance dualism is the problem of interaction!= if we burn our finger, our mind senses pain. We are therefore not separated. |
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| Physical substances that are located in space and time and subjected to the laws of physics. |
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| Nonextended thinking substances which lack definition (unable to be described) |
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| The Conceivability Argument/ Leibniz's Law |
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I can conceive that I exist without a body, but I can not conceive that I exist without a mind. Therefore my mind must not be identical to my body!
The problems with this argument is that first, how is it possible to conceive yourself without a body if you have no eyes or mouth to conceive with? Also, you can have different properties and still be the same thing, like Clark Kent and Superman. |
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| A claim that dualists use to save their argument which says that our mind and body are in 2 separate worlds and can never interact. |
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| A claim used by dualists to save their argument which states that God intervenes and makes sure that the mind and body are appropriately linked. |
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| Claimed that dualists made a mistake when classifying the mind as a substance. |
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| Methodological Behaviorism |
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| A type of physcialism (minds depend on their bodies) which is the idea of studying the mind through behavior. |
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| Defended by B.F. Skinner. Stated that emotions can be figured out through behavior rather than words. I love you= i love you give you hugs and bring flowers. The problem with this is that I may love you but choose to show it in a different way, |
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| Type of Physicalism that says if we hurt a specific part of our brains, then our behavior will change. The problem with this argument is what if we dont have a brain? Is a brain a requirement for a mind? |
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A type of physicalism that tries to deal with the problems of the identity theory. It treats the mind as a software so its not necessarily tied to a brain.
Problems with Functionalism - 1) the Chinese Room Argument (the computer only answers what it is told to say, it does not actually understand) and 2- The problem of Qualia (one person may react differentlt then another person) |
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Tied to functionalism.
Example: money- it can be in coins, dollars, credit cards...etc |
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Related to functionalism.
Can only be one thing. Example: water, gold. |
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| Functionalist who claimed that artificial intelligence is possible. Performed an experiment where a computer answered a persons question, making the person think another person was answering him, rather than a computer. |
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| Brought up the Chinese Room Argument by stating that a computer doesnt feel or understand like a person does. |
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| Eliminitative Materialism |
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Advocated by Patricia and paul Churchland. They stated that activities and mental states don't exist. weWe basically explain things out of convenience to us. They are all illusions.
Example" the sun rises; my computer is mad at me! |
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