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Details Title: Philo -Arguements/Fallacy Exam Description: arguements / fallacies = descriptions Total Flash Cards: 49 Created: 09/06/2007 18:39:50	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term Arguement = Definition Definition - any series of statements that is claiming a thesis to be either true or false Term What do arguements do? Definition - present evidence - this shows whether a thesis is true or false - They represent and defend positions Term When do arguements occur? Definition - typically occur within the context of some controversy Term What do arguements suspose to contain? Definition “truth value.” Term What do GOOD arguements ALWAYS have? Definition - all good arguments have statements that are logically tied together Term What are NOT arguements? Definition - statements are NOT arguments Term What are the 2 parts to an arguement? Definition - There is always one part of the argument that states a conclusion = this is the thesis of the statement - the 2nd part states at least one premise - this part supplies the evidence = “because” Term What do all arguements suspose to be made up of? Definition - All arguments = at least 2 statements + a premise + conclusion Term What is a premise? Definition - present facts (present evidence) - a statement presumed true Term What is an inference? Definition the logical connection between the premises and conclusions. Term What does a STRONG inference do? Definition tells us just how logical the argument is Term What do inferences connect in an arguement? Definition - an argument is a series of statements, where some, the premises, provide evidence or reasons for others, the conclusions. These two kinds of statements are connected by the logical inference. Term - When forming or evaluating arguments we look at two factors: Definition 1) the truth value of the premises, and 2) the form and strength of the inference. Term *The 2 forms of Inference: Definition 1) induction 2) deduction Term What is a deduction? Definition - What philosophers prefer -conclusion is suppose to be “necessary” – this is based on the premise - Use reasoning by elimination - premises must be true Term What is validity? Definition deduction = necessary = such that its conclusion cannot be false if its supporting premises are true Term What is a sound arguement? Definition a really good deduction (one that can never be refute by anyone at any time) Term How many kinds of deductions are there? Definition 7 Term Syllogism Definition DEDUCTION = 2 premises + 1 conclusion - a necessary relationship Term Mathematical formula Definition DEDUCTION symbolic reasoning – employs mathematical relations which are always necessary = proofs Term Arguments from definitions: Definition DEDUCTION one of the most common forms – based on the meaning of terms Term Arguments from laws, principles, axioms and other formulas : Definition DEDUCTION like arguments with definitions – we are to understand the properties of certain general concepts and apply them to situations, people, events, nations, cultures, and make judgments about them Term Arguments from hypotheses or conjectures: Definition DEDUCTIONS an attempt to deduce the conditions and their effects on people, events, nations and ect. – composed of conditions Term Dialectics: Definition DEDUCTION method of arguing by questions and answer, where the answers are analyzed for their truth and completeness Term What is an induction? Definition - the most common form of inference - the conclusion is suppose to be probable (likely) to be true based on the premises - Probabilities – beyond reasonable doubt – NOT NECESSARY Term How many types of inductions are there? Definition 4 Term Generalizations: Definition INDUCTION the arguments go from some to many – the greater the sample the higher the probability of accuracy Term Predictions: Definition INDUCTION a claim about some future event based on past events or trends Term Forecasts: Definition INDUCTION a claim about a trend and the likely outcome – NOT a predication since no single event is said to occur – generalizes about the future Term Analogies: Definition INDUCTION a claim about one thing due to its likeness to something else – VERY common – the strength of the inference depends on the similarity in structure, form and purpose of the two or more items in comparison Term Cogent induction Definition strong inference + true premises Term What is a fallacy? Definition - A mistake in logic NOT in truth Term formal fallacy Definition a deductive argument that has an invalid form Term informal fallacy Definition is any other invalid mode of reasoning whose flaw is not in the form of the argument. Term Name Calling Definition OR attacks directed against a person – this is called ad hominem, which is Latin for “against the person” Term How many types of fallacies are there? Definition 10 Term Appeal to authority: Definition such as the bible or the opinion of Church Leaders (unless you are arguing some point relevant to the Bible or leaders) Term Appeal to popular opinion: Definition no matter how popular something is that doesn’t mean that the popular opinion is true Term Appeal to ignorance: Definition If I don’t know something all that proves is that I don’t know it. No conclusion is proven by such a means. “we can not know that God exists because I can not prove it.” – the fact that he can not prove it does not mean that God’s existence can not be proven. Term Appeal to coincidence or Status quo: Definition “what happens” may or may not prove something to be true.- EX. The fact that Bush was president of the US at the time of the collapse of the Soviet Russia may or may not be significant to that world event – if you argued that election of Bush caused the collapse of the Soviet Union this would be illegitimate unless other relevant data was incl Term Equivocations: Definition apples should be compared with apples – if one argues that the US was morally superior to other countries because we are economically superior that is a form of equivocation – you are implying that “morality: is like “economy.” – this is unlikely to be true. Term Self-contradiction: Definition you must be consistent with your claims – if you say “all religions are the same” but later say that “Christianity is better than Islam,” you are NOT being consistent Term Begging the question: Definition this occurs when you presume that your thesis is true when you actually have not presented any evidence for it. Term Irrelevancy: Definition this occurs when either the conclusion is made that has nothing or little to do with the premises or the whole argument is irrelevant to the issue at hand. Term Slippery Slope: Definition very common – usually occurs when some small bad thing happens, such as, a bridge collapses, and then the arguer reasons that is this bridge collapses than many bridges with collapse – i.e. immigration Term Name the 7 types of deductions: SMAAAAD CHLD Definition 1) Syllogisms 2) Mathematical formulas 3) Arguments from definitions 4) Arguments from Laws, Principles, Axions, and other formulas 5) Arugments from Hypothesis or conjectures 6) Arguments from causality 7) Dialectics Term arguments from causality Definition a more specific form or hypothetical arguments where the subject is always identified as a cause of some effect - i.e. carbon dioxide when it replaces the ozone in the atmosphere fails to prevent the suns rays from penetrating the atmosphere; for this reason we have seen a gradual rise in te earths ambient temp during the past 60 years. if carbon continues to replace the ozone layer the consequeces is an ever increasing warmer earth Term Name the 4 types of inductions: FGAP Definition 1) generalization 2) predictions 3) forecasts 4) analogies Term Name all of the fallacies: APIC BI-NESS!! Definition 1) Appeal to authority 2) Appeal to popular opinion 3) Appeal to ignorance 4) Appeal to coincidence or status qua 5) Begging the question 6) Irrelevancy 7) name-calling 8) equivocation 9) self-contradicitons 10) slippery-slope