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An actual, intentional and widespread armed conflict between political communities
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concerns the justice of resorting to war in the first place
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concerns the justice of conduct within war, after it has begun
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which concerns the justice of peace agreements and the termination phase of war.
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| 6 Just War Theory requirements |
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1. Just Cause
2. Right Intentions
3. Proper Authority & Public Declaration
4. Last Resort
5. Probability of Success
6. Proportionality |
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the use of armed force in violation of someone else's basic rights
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| State's two rights according to international law |
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political sovereignty and territorial integrity
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| Why do states have rights to begin with? |
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governments are instituted among people to realize the basic rights of those people
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| 3 Criteria for a Legitimate Govt. |
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-First, the state is recognized as legitimate by its own people and by the international community.
- Second, the state avoids violating the rights of other legitimate states.
- Finally, legitimate states make every reasonable effort to satisfy the human rights of their own citizens, notably those to life, liberty and subsistence.
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| This is the way governmental agents should act; to be judged in terms of ethical principles |
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a state in which there is no authority with the power to force everyone to follow the same rules (a state of anarchy)
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| A valid claim, warranted by accepted norms, to certain actions to perform or abstain from by other persons. |
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a group which thinks of itself as “a people” (culturally)
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the machinery of government which organizes life in a given territory
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| what is necessary to protect the nation or advance basic national interests, especially its wealth and political power |
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| Von Clausewitz's logic of war |
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once war begins a nation must escalate to any level of force and ruthlessness that is necessary to win (moderation in war is an absurdity) [and if it cannot win it should give up and get the best deal possible]
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| to defend perimeters at some distance from our borders |
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to enforce a new world order which will allow the US to continue to prosper in security |
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| to eliminate all actual and potential enemies both in other nations and within our own so as to prevent dangers to our national interests from arising any time in the future = extend our hegemony over the entire globe indefinitely into the future |
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| All individual humans act from self-interest |
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1. People are psychologically egotistic
2. People are rational enough to set up states
Therefore
States should always act to promote their national interests |
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| If we do not practice realism, we will not survive to act either morally or immorally toward the members of our own society, not to mention members of others. |
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| The principal tools for advancing the national interest are... |
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| force, threat and bribery. These are used to overcome, intimidate, deter or buy off possible opponents |
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| balance of power politics |
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| Pit potential enemies against each other |
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| Do unto others before they do it to you |
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Those with the gold make the rules.
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"The Prince should be a lion, but play the fox," i. e. he should employ moralistic rhetoric as embroidery to maintain the support of moralistic persons, but not let it get in the way of realistic policies).
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| unsavory wars and barbaric acts in the conduct of them |
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| National policy in the modern age is so complex that the public cannot master it and does not want to be bothered with technicalities. They are disposed to trust their leaders as experts who will do the right thing (i.e. what promotes the national interest) in their name. |
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| The need to conceal new weapons, troop dispositions, covert activity, intelligence gathering, etc. and the need to bluff in diplomatic negotiations necessitate secrecy. This allows leaders to declare everything that is going a "national secret" and use the claim "we know things you don't know" to overcome opposition |
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| (selectively using intelligence gathered by the CIA and other agencies without vetting the sources, i.e. determining their reliability) to convince the public that a certain action, e.g. an attack on another country, needs to be undertaken. |
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| Those in power have special access to the means of mass persuasion and the flow of information to the public. Many in media are willing to repeat the government line in order to have access to confidential sources |
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| Voice or no voice, the people can always be brought to the bidding of the leaders. That is easy. All you have to do is tell them they are being attacked, and denounce the pacifists for lack of patriotism and exposing the country to danger. It works the same in any country. |
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What is for the good of the US is good for the world.
Since the U.S. is a beacon of human rights, morality and civilization (the doctrine of American exceptionalism, "one nation, under God, with liberty and justice for all"), it is the protector of the world
Hence, it is in the interest of everyone on earth for the U.S. to practice realism, stay strong and dominate the world.
To do so, it must protect and advance its own interests in every way possible. |
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| an objective condition that is bad and might be rectified by force |
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| an aim in the mind of the war maker, the specific objective that actually governs his use of force, whether it be to rectify the cause for the war or to achieve other goals |
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| Motive (of leader, follower, supporter or opponent of the war) = |
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| what moves him to adopt a specific intention in response to what he thinks is the objective condition justifying the war |
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| Widely Accepted Just Cause |
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- Aggression against one's territory or people
- Imminent aggression (some preemptive strikes are justified)
- Aggression by a third part against an important ally or innocent victims
- Genocide or oppression of a whole people, as in ethnic cleansing |
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- Violation of the rights of a people by its own government
- Aggression of a nation against another with whom we have no alliance
- In support of a rebellion if we feel it is justified (not to serve our own interests) |
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A possible aggression in the indefinite future (preventive war)
A religion, political system, or way of life that we do not like
Territory or goods that we covet
Vengeance--the destruction of hated enemy
Ambition, love of glory and adventure, pride in the nation or its rulers |
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| Claims made prior to war in Iraq |
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1. Iraq possesses weapons of mass destruction
2. Iraq supports terrorism
3. #1 and 2 create a very dangerous situation
4. Saddam Hussein is an oppressive dictator in a one-party state
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