Term
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Definition
1. id the etiology or cause of a disease and the relevent risk factors
2. to determine the extent of disease found in the community, what is the burden of disease in the community?
3. to study the natural history and prognosis of disease
4. to evaluate both existing an dnewly developed preventive and therapeutic measures and modes of health care delivery
5. to provide the foundation for developing public policy to relating to environmental problems, genetic issues or other considerations regarding disease prevention and health promotion |
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Term
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Definition
| To provide a clue to changes that take place over time in the healht problems presenting in the community. |
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Term
| Epidemological Transition |
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Definition
| the pattern seen in developing countries, as countires become more industrialized they increasingly manifest the mortality patterns currently seen in developed countires,the burden of disease shifts from infectious disease to chronic illnesses; with chronic disease mortality becoming the major challenge. |
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Term
| 3 Leading Causes of Death in US |
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Definition
1.heart disease
2. cancer
3. stroke |
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Term
| Major Use of Epi Evidence |
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Definition
| is to identify subgroups in the population who are at high risk for disease |
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Term
| Reason for Identifying High Risk Groups |
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Definition
1. to direct preventive efforts to populations who are more likely to benefit from any interventions that are developed for the disease
2. may be able to identify the specific factors or characteristics that put them at high risk and then try to modify those factors. |
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Term
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Definition
1. Primary Prevention
2. Secondary Prevention
3. Tertiary Prevention |
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Term
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Definition
Preventing the initial development of a disease
ex: immunization, reducing exposure to a risk factor |
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Term
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Definition
Early detection of existing disease to reduce severity and complications - id ppl in whom a disease has already begun but who have not yet developed clinical signs or symptoms of the illness - preclinical phase
ex: screenings |
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Term
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Definition
Reducing the impact of the disease
ex: Rehabilitation |
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Term
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Definition
1. clinical disease: signs and symptoms present
2. non-clinical disease: no signs of symptoms yet
a. pre-clinical disease: disease destined to become clinical
b. sub-clinical disease: disease NOT destined to become clinical
c. latent disease: infection with no current multiplication of infectious agent
d. chronic disease: disease that persists or recurs years later |
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Term
| Natural History of Diease |
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Definition
used to predict prognosis
preclinical phase:
(A) biologic onset of disease
(P) pathologic Evidence of disease if sought
(S) signs and symptoms
Clinical Phase:
(S) signs and symptoms of disease
(M) medical care sought
(D) diagnosis
(T) treatment |
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Term
| Epi and Clinical practice |
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Definition
| the practice of medicine is dependent on population data. population based concepts and data underlie the critical processes of clinical practice, including diagnosis, prognostication, and selection of therapy. |
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Term
| Epi Approach to IDing the cause of a disease |
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Definition
1. determine whether an association exisits btwn exposure to a factor or a charactersistc of a person and the development of the disease in question
2. try to derive appropriate inferences about a possible causal relationship from the patterns of the associations that have been found. |
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Term
| Disease is the result from... |
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Definition
| ...an interaction of the host, the agent, and the envronment. |
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Term
| Epidemological Triad of a Disease |
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Definition
| Disease is the product of an interaction of the human host, an infectious or other type of agaent and the envronment that promotes the exposures. a vector, is often involved. |
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Term
| Disease transmission (modese) |
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Definition
1. direct transmission - ex: transmitted person to person by means of direct contact.
2. indirect transmission - occurs through a common vehicle - single exposure, multiple exposure, continuous exposure, like a contaminated air or water supply - or through a vector, such a mosquito |
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Term
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Definition
individuals harbor the organism, but is not infected as measured by serologic studies (no eveidence of an antibody response) or by evidence of clinical illness, this person can still infect others, although the infectivery is often lower than with other infections.
carrier state may be of short or long duration. |
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Term
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Definition
| the habitual presence of a disease within a given geographic area. the usual occurence of a given disease within such an area. |
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Term
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Definition
| as the occurence in a commmunity or region of group of illnesses of similar nature, clearly in excess of normal expectancy, and derived from a common or from a propagated source. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| outbreak occurs in group of people who have all been exposed to the same thing |
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Term
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Definition
| become ill after one exposure |
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Term
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Definition
| becoming ill after being exposed mulitple times |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Continuous Exposure/Contamination |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| temporary or long-term reduction of a person's capatcity to fully function physically, mentally or socially |
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Term
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Definition
Disability
Death (mortality)
Disease (morbidity) - infectious & chronic
Development of a risk factor |
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Term
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Definition
Death
measured in terms of: persons who died, cause(s) of death
survival - not dying, not developing disease |
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Term
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Definition
sickness, illness, disease
any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological or pschological well being
measured in terms of - persons who are/were ill, illnesses experienced, length of illnesses |
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Term
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Definition
state of being easily affected by disease risks/occurrence
determined by factors unique to host: genetics, immune system, nutrition, competing health conditions
for disease transmission to occur, the host must be susceptible |
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Term
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Definition
illness due to a specific infectious agent (usually a bacterium, virus, or parasite) or its toxic products
ex: Influenza, malaria, HIV/AIDS |
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Term
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Definition
Bacteria, viruses or parasites
fungi, protozoa
helminths, arthropod
fomite
social factors |
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Term
| Properties of Infectious Agents |
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Definition
Infectivity
Pathogenicity
Virulence |
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Term
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Definition
the propensity for transmission
measured by the secondary attack rate in a household, school, ect.
(number infected/number susecptible)*100 |
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Term
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Definition
the propensity of an agent to cause disease or clinical symptoms
measured by the apparent:inapparent infection ratio
(number w/clinical disease/number infected) |
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Term
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Definition
the propensity of an agent to cause severe disease
measured by the case fatality ratio
(number of deaths/number w/disease)*100 |
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Term
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Definition
person with the disease of interest
case is a risk factor - infection can be transmitted to others |
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Term
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Definition
the habitat in which an infectious agent normally lives, grows and multiplies
infectious disease (agent) spreads from reservoir to indiviudals or sites of infection on individuals
Reservoirs include: human, animal, environmental |
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Term
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Definition
| asymptomatic carriers of pathogenic agents - host carries pathogen w/o injury to itself and spreads pathogen to susceptible organisms |
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Term
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Definition
Direct: direct contact - mucous membrane to muscous membrane - cross placental (vertical transmission) - blood or tissue - skin to skin. Droplet Spread: -snneezes, coughs, spit
Indierct: through common "vehicle" - contaminated water, air, food. - vectors - fomites - medical devices and treatments |
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Term
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Definition
How agents exit your body or that of other reservoirs
-repiratory tract - gentio-urinary tract - feces - saliva - skin - conjunctival secretions - placenta |
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Term
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Definition
How agents enter your body
-respiratory tract - mouth (fecal-oral transmission) - skin - mucous membrane - blood |
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Term
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Definition
Persistent
Latent
Inapparent (sub-clinical) |
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Term
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Definition
| a chronic infection with continued low-grade survival and multiplicaton of the agent |
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Term
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Definition
| an infection with no active multiplication of the agent. in contrast to a persistent infection, only the genetic message is present in the host, not viable organisms. |
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Term
| Inapparent Infection (sub-clinical) |
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Definition
| an infection with no clinical symptoms, usually diagnosed by serological (antibody) responce or culture. |
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Term
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Definition
in order for infection and diesease to occur in an individual a process involving six related components must occur - the chain of infection
-infectious agent - reservior - portals of exit - means of transmission - portals of entry - susecptible host -infectious agent.
to stop the spread of disease one or more of these links must be broken. |
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Term
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Definition
| the capacity of a person to remain free of infection or clinical illness after being exposed to an infectious agent |
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Term
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Definition
resistance of a group to introduction and spread of an infectious agent because most members in group are immune
resistance is a product of the number of susceptibles and the probability that those who are susceptible will come into contact with an infected person - - once large part of community immune, less likely for an infected person to come in contact with susceptible person |
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Term
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Definition
| Time interval from entry of infectious agent (exposure) to onset of clinical illness (signs or symptoms of infection) - length of incubation period depends on infectious agent/organism |
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Term
| Severity of Infectious Disease |
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Definition
| varies by type of organism, related to how good organism is in producing disease ("virulence"), depends on where in the body the organism has chosen to replicate itself/cause infection, depends on health of human host. |
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Term
| Purpose of Infectious Disease Epi |
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Definition
-identification of causes of new, emerging infections
-surveillence of infectious disease
-identification of source of outbreaks
-study routes of transmission
-study natural history of infection
-identification of new interventions |
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Term
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Definition
| ongoing systematic collection, analysis and interpretation of health data essential to the planning, implementation and evaluation of public health practices |
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Term
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Definition
-Passive: physicians, labs, hospitals reports cases that come to their attention
-active: periodic telephone calls or personal visits to reporting individuals to obtain data
-Syndromic: using helath-related data that precede diagnosis and signal a sufficient probablility of a case or an outbreak to warrant further public health response |
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Term
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Definition
illness or condition that persists
-does not resolve spontaneously
-complete cure is rarely achived
-uncertian causes (etiology)
-multiple risk factors
-often long latency period |
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Term
| Control of Chronic Disease |
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Definition
-reduce incidence through primary prevention -prevent disease onset - prevent risk behaviors
-delay onset of disability
-alleviate severity of disease
-prolong life |
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Term
| Examples of Chronic Disease |
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Definition
| -cardiovascular disease - obesity - carpal tunnel - asthma - cancers 0 migraines - epilepsy - diabetes |
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Term
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Definition
when the number of cases of illness observed in a population is greater than the number of cases of illness expected in that population - in a given area - over a particular period of time - among a specific group of people
-determinants: - number of susceptible (at-risk) people in a population - number of non-susceptible people in a population |
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Term
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Definition
| -unusual event -emergency: public health, political, economic -event requiring rapid action -signifies failure in surveillance -signifies failure in control -oppertunity for intervention |
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Term
| Factors that Influence Outbreaks |
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Definition
| -type of infectious agent -transmission types -incubation periods -herd immunity -susceptibility of host |
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Term
| Types of Infectious Disease Outbreaks |
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Definition
-common-vehicle exposures: all cases resulted from exposure to same agent
-single exposure (exposed one time)
-multiple exposures: periodic exposures, continuous exposures |
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