Term
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Definition
Action: decreases cardiac contractility which drops arterial pressure and inhibits renin release. Especially useful in HTN with tachycardia, angina
Indications: Chronic angina, HTN, prevent second MI, cardiac dysrhytmias, vascular HA, tremors, anxiety
SE: bradycardia, fatigue, drowsiness, anxiety, difficulty breathing, GI sx, cold hands and feet, depression(?), decreased libido and sexual dysfunction |
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Term
| Verapamil (Calan, Isoptin) |
|
Definition
Action: decreases force of myocardial contraction by blocking inward flow of Ca into cells, decreases automaticity of SA node of conduction through AV node, coronary artery dilation, peripheral dilation
Indications: HTN, angina, prophylaxis for vascular HA
SE: HA, GI sx, hypotension, flushing or rash, edema of ankles and feet, dry mouth, tachycardia |
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Term
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Definition
Action: blocks the angiotensin I converting enzyme
Indications: essential HTN with normal renal function, CHF, Diabetes
SE: Hyperkalemia, dry cough, angioedema, HA, GI sx, loss of taste, weakness, dizziness, hypotension, rash, fever, joint pain, agranulocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
Actions: vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation, reduce salt and water volume,
SE: URIs, HA, dizziness, GI sx |
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Term
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Definition
Actions: decreases sympathetic outflow from brain to periphery, which decreases CO, HR and peripheral resistance
Indications: moderate hypertension
SE: high risk for rebound hypertension if abruptly withdrawn |
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Term
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Definition
Action: blocks alpha 2 receptors, which causes vasodilation and lowered peripheral vascular resistance, relaxes urinary sphincter tone
Indications: Step II drugs HTN drugs, BPH
SE: weakness, GI sx, stuffy nose, edema of lower extremities, HA, syncope, SOB |
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Term
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Definition
Actions: direct effect on arterioles with no sympathetic action, renal blood flow increased, decreased diastolic more than systolic
SE: GI sx, tachycardia, HA, facial flushing, stuffy nose, edema, rash, myalgia, weakness, fever |
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Term
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Definition
onset of action is 1 min
watch for rebound hypotension
used in hypertensive crisis |
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Term
| Sodium Nitroprusside (Nipride) |
|
Definition
Hypertensive Crisis Drug: IV only, must have CVADs
SE: reflex tachycardia, angina, MI, sudden BP drop with resultant organ ischemia
OD: Cyanide Poisoning: metabolic acidosis, antidote: amyl nitrate inhalation, then sodium thinosulfate |
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Term
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Definition
| primary use for refractory depression, but can be used for hypertension, many side effects though |
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Term
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Definition
Action: positive inotrope, negative chronotrope and dromotrope, potent, comes from floxglove
Indications: heart failure, rate control
SE: bradycardia, AV block, rhythm disturbances, n/v, anorexia, green or yellow tint with vision on white objects, halo, gynecomastia (long-term use) |
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Term
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Definition
Actions: dilates the coronary arteries and peripheral vessels, decreases workload of the heart.
SE: HA, can trigger reflex tachycardia |
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Term
| Isosorbide Dinitrate (Isordil) |
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Definition
| Indication: decrease the frequency and severity of angina episodes |
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Term
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Definition
Action: stabilizes cell membrane, prevents influx of sodium, result is depression of conduction velocity
Indication: long-term prophylaxis of supraventricular rhythms, used after cardioversion of atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation
SE: depressed cardiac function, heart block, prolonged GT, confusion, tinnitus, vision changes
Toxicity: narrow margin of safety, seizures, coma, arrest |
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Term
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Definition
Action: slow depolarization of muscle contraction and has preferential effect on abnormally functioning tissue
Indications: acute ventricular dysrhythmias
SE: narrow margin of safety, drowsiness, confusion, apprehension, muscle tremors, tingling, seizures, respiratory arrest, cardiac depressant, chest pain
Toxicity: tremors, twitching, blurred vision, tinnitus, dyspnea, severe dizziness, fainting, bradycardia, seizures |
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Term
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Definition
Action: blocks Na channels more and decreases conduction to suppress PVCs
Indications: used in serious ventricular dysrhythmias only |
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Term
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Definition
Action: prolongs action potential, delays repolarization increases the refractory period in all cardiac tissues
Indications: life-threatening ventricular dysrhythmias, prevent ventricular and atrial dysrhythmias |
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Term
| Ibutelide (Covert) and Dofutilide (Tikosyn) |
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Definition
| the only true chemical conversion medications given in a controlled setting very proarrhythmic |
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Term
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Definition
| most commonly used for control of heart rate, IV route in case of new onset a-fib |
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Term
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Definition
anticholinergic- blocks vagal stimulation so SNS can work on increasing HR
Indication: bradycardia |
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Term
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Definition
Action: lower LDL, inhibits critical enzyme in formation of cholesterol decreasing total cholesterol, LDL, VLDL, and triglycerides and increasing HDL
Indications: primary hyperlipidemia which doesn't respond to diet alone.
SE: HA, GI disturbances, fever, flu-like symptoms, myalgia, liver dysfunction |
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Term
| Cholestyramine (Questran) |
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Definition
Actions: sequesters or binds with bile so it can't be reabsorbed, body makes more cholesterol and bile than before (loss is more than gain)
Indications: hyperlipidemia, elevated LDLs
SE: constipation, fecal impaction, flatulence, N/V, abd. pain, impaired absorption of ADEK vitamins |
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Term
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Definition
Action: inhibits synthesis of VLDL, the biggest carrier of triglycerides
SE: can cause gallstones, increases risk of hypoglycemia with insulin, increases risk of bleeding with anticoagulants |
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Term
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Definition
Action: lowers VLDL, triglycerides, LDL; raises HDL
SE: annoying, flushing, hot flashes, skin rashes, tingling, HA, hypotension |
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Term
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Definition
| Actions: blocks absorption of cholesterol from the lumen of the intestine, |
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Term
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Definition
Action: direct blocking of intrinsic pathway clotting cascade , inactivates Xa and IIa within minutes
Indication: prophylactic anticoagulation, embolism or thrombus management
SE: bleeding and hemorrhage (GI, GU, mucosal, allergic reactions |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: more specific to active factor X, longer duration than heparin and more stable response
Indication: prevention of DVT
SE: local erythema, pain, hematoma at injection site |
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Term
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Definition
Action: binds directly to thrombin whether circulating or bound to a clot, prevents formation of fibrin clots
Indication: limited therapeutic use |
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Term
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Definition
| Indication: prevent peri-operative and peri-partum thrombolic events in hereditary antithrombin deficient patients, from genetically engineered goats |
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Term
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Definition
Action: doesn't work in blood but in liver to inhibit synthesis of clotting factors (VII, IX, X, and prothrombin)
Indications: long-term prophylaxis, treatment of venous and arterial thrombosis or pulmonary embolism
SE: bleeding, decreased dietary Vitamin K increases effect
Toxicity: Antidote is Vitamin K |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: blocks enzyme necessary to create the stickiness of the essel walls so it inhibits platelet aggregation, permanently alters the platelet
Indications: prophylaxis of MI in patients with angina or Hx of MI, and recurrent TIAs in men |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: blocks enzyme necessary to create the stickiness of the vessel walls so it inhibits platelet aggregation, permanently alters the platelet
Indications: treatment after MI, placement of stents or CVA |
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Term
| Streptokinase (Streptase) |
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Definition
Action: converts plasminogen to plasmin which degrades fibrin and lyses thrombi and emboli
Indications: pulmonary or systemic emboli or thrombi, acute MI
SE: allergic reactions |
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Term
| Erythropoeitin (Epogen, Procrit) |
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Definition
Action: used to stimulate some aspect of blood formation
Indications: hemorrhage, anemia, COPD, hypoxia due to high altitudes, chemo |
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Term
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Definition
Action: stimulates the growth and differentiation of one or more types of leukocytes
Indication: chronic neutropenia or neutropenia due to chemo |
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Term
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Definition
Action: elevates serum ion concentration
Indication: treatment of iron-deficiency anemia or as an adjunct to erythropoiesis-stimulating drugs
SE: constipation, other GI complaints, dark stools |
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Term
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Definition
Action: essential nucleic acid for cell growth and reproduction, myelin sheath
Indication: vitamin deficiency
SE: itching, skin rash, mild diarrhea serious: allergy, anaphylaxis, pulmonary edema, hypokalemia |
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Term
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Definition
Action: required for nucleoprotein synthesis and erythropoiesis
Indications: folic acid deficiency
SE: allergic reactions, pain at injection site |
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Term
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Definition
Action: dilutes the formation of the abnormal HgbS, less clogging of small blood vessels
Indication: sickle cell anemia
SE: GI, HA, dizziness, fever/chills, disorientation, bone marrow suppression |
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Term
| Ampicillin, Penicillin G, Penicillin V, Methicillin |
|
Definition
Action: bactericidal, act on the bacterial cell wall making it susceptible to osmotic pressure and it explodes, most effective against gram-positive bacteria
SE: allergic reactions, N/V/D, stomatitis, glossitis, fluid retention or hyperkalemia, interstitial nephritis
Pen G is more active against gram negative and anaerobes |
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Term
| Methicillin, Nafcillin, Dicloxacillin |
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Definition
| Indications: treat staph, less expensive, less toxic, just as effective |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indications: gram-negative bacteria, broader spectrum not penicillinase resistant |
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Term
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Definition
| Indications: from a fungus, gram positive infections |
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Term
| Cefoxitin (Mefoxin), Cefotetan (Cefotan) |
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Definition
| More effective against H. flu, used for soft tissue infections (otitis, cellulitis, penumonia), |
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Term
|
Definition
| crosses blood-brain barrier, increases effectiveness against gram negative |
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Term
| Erythromycin (E-mycin), Azithromycin (Zithromax), Clarithromycin (Biaxin) |
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Definition
Action: inhibits protein synthesis- bacteriostatic
Indications: respiratory infections
SE: few allergies, GI sx, HA, rash, oto- and hepatotoxic |
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Term
|
Definition
Actions: bactericidal, interferes with bacterial RNA leads to cell death
Indications: serious gram negative infections (pseudomonas, e. coli) in conjunction with PCNs, cephs, or vanco
SE: kills renal tubules, sensory cells of inner ear, muscle weakness, allergic reactions OD: neuromuscular blockade |
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Term
| Tetracycline (Achromycin V), Doxycycline (Vibramycin) |
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Definition
Actions: inhibits protein synthesis (bacteriostatic)
Indications: chlamydia, lyme disease, rickettsial infections like Rocky Mountain spotted fever or typhus, acne
SE: GI tract irritation, oral candidiasis, photosensitivity
Toxic: GI sx, possible liver damage |
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Term
|
Definition
only for serious infections
SE: aplastic anemia, reversible bone marrow depression, gray baby syndrome |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: synthetic, broad spectrum, bactericidal
SE: GI sx, HA, dizziness, irritability, dysrhythmias, crystalluria, increased risk of Achilles tendonitis or rupture |
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Term
| TMP-SMX (Bactrim), trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole |
|
Definition
Action: synethetic, interferes with bacterial enzymes, bacteriostatic
Indications: used for UTIs, Otitis, sinusitis, community penumonia
SE: GI sx, crystalluria, bone marrow toxicity, |
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Term
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Definition
Action: interacts with bacerial DNA, bactericidal, used against anaerobic bacteria and protozoa
SE: dizziness, HA, GI sx, thrombophlebitis, vaginal candidiasis, CNS toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
Actions: prevents peptide bond formation, bacteriostatic
Indications: bone, joint, skin, pelvic infections, septicemia, penumonia |
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Term
|
Definition
Actions: binds to cell wall precursors, leads to cell lysis (bactericidal)
Indications: severe staph infections of bone, joint, septicemia, MRSA strains, prophylaxis for endocarditis
SE: N/V, altered taste, oto- and nephrotoxic, "red neck" syndrome if IV too rapid |
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Term
|
Definition
Indication: respiratory infections
SE: GI distress, HA; liver damage |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: interferes with DNA replication
SE: GI sx, dizziness, phlebitis or acute renal failure with rapid admin. |
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Term
|
Definition
Indications: only for use in herpes zoster or genital herpes
SE: Gi sx, HA, dizziness, weakness |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: blocks uncoating of the influenza A virus and the release of viral nucleic acid into the host cell
Indication: prevent influenza or decrease severity of acute symptoms
SE: CNS toxicity, GI sx, orthostatic hypotension |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: designed to stop the release of virions, reduces duration of symptoms
SE: N/V |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: inhibits RNA synthesis, virustatic
Se: skin rash (long0term use) not usually used for adults |
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Term
| Didanosine (Videx), Zidovudine (Retrovir, AZT), Lamivudine (Epivir) |
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Definition
| Action: blocks the enzyme needed to convert viral RNA to DNA inside CD4cell in early stages of replication, causes structural changes in the enzyme molecule |
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Term
| Delavirdine (Rescriptor), Nevirapine (Viramune) |
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Definition
| Action: binds to HIV reverse transcriptase to block enzyme activity, unable to construct viral DNA |
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Term
| Indinavir (Crixivan), Saquinavir (Invirase), Nevirapine (Viramune) |
|
Definition
| Action: attaches to the active site of HIV enzyme protease, prevents final maturation of the virions to make them noninfectious |
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Term
| Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) |
|
Definition
Action: relieve itchy eyes, drippy nose, swelling, nasal congestion
Indication: allergic symptoms, common cold, motion sickness, vertigo
SE: sedative, drying |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: decrease mucus viscosity and decrease surface tension
Indications: colds, sinusitis, bronchitis
in many robitussins |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Action: affects the cough center in the medulla, lessens irritation of the respiratory tract
SE: minimal, nausea, mild dizziness and drowsiness |
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Term
| Acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) |
|
Definition
Action: alters molecular composition of mucus, decreases viscosity
Indication: chronic bronchitis, emphysema, cystic fibrosis, Tylenol OD
SE: N/V, runny nose, throat or lung irritation, sore mouth, stomatitis, hemoptysis, rash |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: Vasoconstriction to reduce mucosal edema, increased HR and contractility, relaxation of bronchial smooth muscle, relieves bronchospasm
SE: nervousness, insomnia, dizziness, HA, anorexia, hypotension, N/V, sweating, pounding tachycardia, trembling, anxiety, cool and pale skin, chills |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Action: pure beta
SE: same unwanted CV effects as adrenalin |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: relax smooth muscle, inhibit release or mast cell mediators, decrease vascular permeability, increase mucocilliary clearance
Indication: emergency asthma attack.
SE: dizziness, increase HR, tremors, hyperglycemia, HTN |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: local bronchodilation, maintenance only
SE: dry mouth, coughing, HA, GI sx, anxiety
not for emergency use |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: interferes with formation of mucus plugs, reduces inflammation, mucus secretion, and bronchoconstriction
SE: HA, GI sx, weakness, muscle pain, cough, dental pain, rash
Indication: persistent asthma can't be controlled |
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Term
| Theophylline (Theo-Dur) PO, Aminophylline (IV) |
|
Definition
Action relax smooth muscle, stimulate cardiac muscle and the CNS, produce diuresis
SE: nausea, anxiety, restlessness, GI sx, HA, increased urination, trembling |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: anti-inflammatory agent that inhibits the release of histamine, leukotrienes and other mast cell substances, no bronchodilator effect
Indication: prevention of bronchospasms
Se: cough, hoarseness, dry throat, nasal congestion, sneezing, diarrhea, myalgia, difficulty sleeping |
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Term
| Becolmethasone (Beclovent) |
|
Definition
Indication: adjunct to bronchodilators, reduced frequency and severity of asthma attacks
SE: hoarseness, anorexia, HA, unpleasant taste in mouth, GI sx, alter normal flora, candidiasis |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: causes cell wall disruption, bactericidal
SE: Hepatotoxicity, peripheral neuropathy, optic neuritis, blood dyscrasias |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: broad-spectrum bactericidal, blocks RNA
SE: hepatotoxicity, acute renal failure |
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Term
|
Definition
action: bacteriostatic or bactericidal dpending on dose
SE: artralgia related to hyperuricemia, jaundice, hepatotoxicity, hemolytic anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: bacteriostatic, effective only against actively dividing mycobacteria
SE: Gi distress, confusion, disorientation, HA, optic and peripheral neuritis, decreased ability to see red and green, elevated uric acid levels |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: aminoglcoside, bactericidal
SE: ototoxicity and nephrotoxicity, peripheral neuritis |
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Term
| Amphotericin B (Fungizone) |
|
Definition
Action: binds to sterols in the fungus cell membrane, increases cell permeability
Indications: systemic fungal infections
SE: nephrotoxicity, liver failure, cardiac arrest, anemias |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: fungistatic or fungicidal depending on dose, affect fungal biosynthesis
Indication: candidiasis, tineas
SE: GI distress, rash,flushing, HA, photophobia, gynecomastia, Stevens-Johnson syndrome in immunosuppressed |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: fungistatic, inhibits fungal cell mitosis
Indications: all types of tinea, onychomycosis
SE: HA, GI distress, oral thrush, weakness, photosensitivity |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: alters cell membrane permeability
Indication: cutaneous or mucocutaneous candida
SE: rare |
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Term
|
Definition
Action: fungicidal, interferes with cell wall synthesis
Indication: onychomycosis, tinea
SE: anorexia, rash, GI distress, taste alteration |
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Term
| Mechlorethamine (Mustargen) |
|
Definition
Indication: cancer of lung, Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, chronic leukemia, polycythemia vera
SE: N?V, anorexia, metallic taste, alopecia, ototoxicity, gonadal suppression, missed menses |
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Term
|
Definition
| SE: bone marrow suppression, anemia, CNS effects, pulmonary toxicity |
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Term
|
Definition
| Indication: cancer of colon, rectum, breast, stomach, pancreas |
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Term
|
Definition
| SE: bone marrow depression, heatic or renal toxicity, GI and mucous membrane deterioration, necrosis and cellulitis if extravasation occurs |
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Term
|
Definition
| SE: cardiotoxicity, pancytopenia |
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Term
|
Definition
Indication: breast cancer
SE: hot flashes, rash, N/V, vaginal bleeding, CVA, PE |
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Term
|
Definition
Indication: advanced prostate cancer
SE: hot flashes, weight gain, prolonged QT interval, HTN |
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