Term
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Definition
Sum of all costs required before you can produce the first unit (product)/ (session).
Remains constant regardless of the level of activity |
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Term
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Definition
Training cost,
Marketing Initiative Development, Renovations,
Equipment |
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Term
| Variable unit/session costs: |
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Definition
| Cost that varies directly with unit/session produced. |
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Term
| Examples of Variable unit/session costs: |
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Definition
Supplies
(i.e. monitoring, education materials),
Pharmacist’s time |
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Term
| Expected unit/session sales: |
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Definition
| Number of units/sessions projected to be sold over a specified period of time. |
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Term
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Definition
Amount of money charged to customer for each unit/session.
Price is what you charge
Costs is you expense for providing the service |
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Term
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Definition
| (Variable Unit Costs)(# of Units Sold) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Fixed Costs) + (Total Variable Costs) |
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Term
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Definition
| (Expected Sales)(Unit Price) |
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Term
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Definition
| Monetary gain or loss from revenues after subtracting all associated costs. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Total Revenue - Total Costs) |
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Term
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Definition
| Number of units that must be sold in order to produce a profit of zero. |
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Term
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Definition
| (Fixed Cost)/(Unit Price - Variable Unit Cost) |
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Term
| 3 Assumptions of the Break Even Analysis: |
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Definition
1.Only one product/service or a constant mix of products/services
2.Volume is only factor affecting variable costs
3.Inventory does not change significantly from period to period
i.e., quantity produced = quantity sold |
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Term
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Definition
oUsed in assessing the risk of a production plan.
The higher the number, the less risk involved (Expressed as a Percentage) |
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Term
| Formula Margin of Safety = |
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Definition
(Budgeted Sales - Break-Even Sales)/(Budgeted Sales)
•Anything less than 10% is risky |
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Term
| Break Even Analysis depends on 4 things: |
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Definition
1.Fixed production costs
2.Variable production costs
3.Product/service unit/session price
4.Product/service expected unit/session sales (projected sales) |
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Term
| 3 things to do if you Don't Break Even: |
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Definition
1. Reduce Fixed Costs
-lower rent
-more judicious use of utilities
-purchase less expensive equipment
2. Reduce Variable Costs
-Negotiate for a better price on supplies/inventory.
-Reduce time it takes to produce each unit/session
3. Increase selling price |
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Term
| 3 important questions to ask in Break Even analysis |
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Definition
1. At which volume of units sold will the variable and fixed costs of production be covered?
2. Given our projected sales volume, how much do we have to charge to break even in 12 months?
3. at which point does production stop just costing money and start generating profit? |
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Term
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Definition
| the use of computers to manage data and information |
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Term
Biomedical and Health Informatics is
AKA:
Medical informatics
Biomedical informatics
or Health informatics
is |
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Definition
| the “optimal use of information, often aided by the use of technology, to improve individual health, health care, public health, and biomedical research” |
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Term
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Definition
| application of informatics to cellular and molecular biology |
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Term
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Definition
| application of informatics to the management of images in health care |
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Term
| Public health informatics – |
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Definition
| application of informatics in areas of public health (surveillance, reporting, and health promotion) |
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Term
| Consumer health informatics – |
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Definition
| application of informatics to support the patient’s health activities |
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Term
Clinical Informatics
Often used interchangeably with medical informatics - |
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Definition
is the application of informatics to specific health care disciplines (pharmacy, nursing, medicine, dental)
medical informatics:(the application of informatics in health care settings to the care of individual patients) |
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Term
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Definition
| “… the use and integration of data, information, knowledge, technology, and automation in the medication-use process for the purpose of improving health outcomes…” |
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Term
| Framework for Strategic Action |
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Definition
1.DATA
2.People
3.Systems
4. Informatics
1. Inform clinical practice – information tools to POC
2. Interconnect clinicians – Records follow patient
3. Personalize care – ↑ consumer access & involvement
4. Improve population health – monitoring, measuring, and implementing |
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Term
| 1. Define and describe the core components of computing systems |
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Definition
• ” Inputs
• Outputs
• Memory
• Storage
• Processing: “The Brain |
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Term
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Definition
| Combination of Provider and technology is better than either alone. |
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Term
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Definition
| can include medication and medical histories, laboratory test results, and other information that is unique to the specific patient |
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Term
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Definition
forms the scientific basis of health care
includes the understanding of how drugs work in the body, referential information (about medications, disease processes, procedures, etc.), clinical practice guidelines, and many other domains of health/medical knowledge found in health professions textbooks and journals |
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Term
| Difference between Pharmacy informatics and Other definitions. |
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Definition
the use and integration of data, information, knowledge, technology, and automation in the MEDICATION - USE PROCESS for the purpose of improving health outcomes…”
Similar to other definitions. Tools and technology to imporve health outcomes.
In pharmacy we focus more on med use process. And thats the DIFFERENCE. |
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Term
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Definition
Human Health Services: a big branch of government with CMS (centers for medicare medicaid Service) inside it.
they came up with the strategy for biomed health informatics |
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Term
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Definition
| • Computerized Prescriber Order Entry (CPOE): Direct entry of orders from medications, procedures, and radiology or laboratory tests by a licensed prescriber; orders are transmitted to the appropriate location. |
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Term
| Most preventable ADEs and Potential ADEs occur in |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| is not intentional, the execution of a good plan gone wrong |
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Term
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Definition
| intentional execution of a bad plan gone right |
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Term
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Definition
| • Clinical Decision Support System (CDSS): Provides clinicians with clinical knowledge and’or patient related information, intelligently filtered or presented at appropriate times, to enhance patient care. |
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Term
| 3 things the CDSS does best |
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Definition
helps:
o Augment Decision making
o Update on change in patient status
o Prevent negative action |
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Term
| Describe the 5 “rights” of CDSS |
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Definition
• Right information
• Right person
• Right CDSS intervention format
• Right channel
• Right time in workflow |
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Term
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Definition
| Receiving so many unnecessary alerts that you begin to ignore them allowing a critical alert to get by. |
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Term
| potential roles for pharmacists in CPOE/CDSS |
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Definition
• Medication expert
• Design, implementation, customization, maintenance
o Drug information
o Dosing regimens
o Treatment protocols
o Dose range
o Drug interactions
• Interpretation of CDSS during prescribing
• Training of other users
• Longitudinal safety monitoring
o e-iatrogenesis
• Less time verifying = More time to intervene?
• Establishing and monitoring process metrics
o Order entry and verification time
o First dose turnaround time
o Calls for clarification/correction
• Review and follow-up of overrides and errors |
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Term
| most errors in the pharmacy are from |
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Definition
1.Order entry
2. getting drug |
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Term
| E PRESCRIBING: What it is and what it is NOT: |
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Definition
must be used through internet:
Transmission, using electronic media, of prescription or prescription related information between a prescriber, dispenser, pharmacy benefit manager (PBM), or health plan, either directly or through an intermediary, including an e-prescribing network
WHAT IT IS NOT!
Does not include printed prescriptions or electronic faxes |
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Term
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Definition
| created the same network Idea that pharmacies and prescribers use todday to send electronic prescriptions via pharmacies and such. Like a bank atm using your card at different bank atms |
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Term
| Connectivity vs actively participating |
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Definition
Connectivity is: Pharmacy and computer system has the ABILITY to send electronic prescription messages
Active participating = is actually doing it |
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Term
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Definition
NCPDP is used for
1.both request and response for prescription history,
2.prescription routing (send new prescription)
3. prescriber status request and response
4. refill and renewals |
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Term
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Definition
| Request for Prescription benefit |
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Term
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Definition
| Response for Prescription benefit coverage |
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Term
C2’s u cant call or fax unless hospice
E prescription DEA regulates it and is concerned about: |
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Definition
1.They wanna make sure only authorzed people do this.
2. U have confidence on the prescrip is the person
3. Record process is reliable. |
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Term
AUTOMATION CONSIDERATIONS
6 parts |
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Definition
1.One size does not fit all
2.Long-term partner for business growth
3.Efficiency opportunity for entire pharmacy
4. Lost time and space from remodeling
5. Protection of initial investment
6. Strength of the business partner to provide ongoing integration, interfacing, training, and service |
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Term
| how many % of pharmacies have IVR? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| an effect which is noxious and unintended and which occurs at doses used in man for prophylaxis,diagnosis or therapy. |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
| Preventable Adverse Drug Event |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Should have had an ADE but did not happen |
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Term
| Clinical rules, assess 3 conditions. what are they? |
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Definition
1. orders for known antidotes
2. Laboratory abnormalities
3. laboratory abnormalities with certain drugs |
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Term
| What Clinical Rules DON'T DO |
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Definition
1. doesn't capture symptom data
2. ADE that resolve without treatment
3.hand written clinical notes
4. chart review |
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Term
| Counting system advantages |
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Definition
advantages:
-foot print smaller generally for most counting systems
-scalable like automed (u can go from single to multiple. add mroe capacity) |
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Term
| Disadvantages of Counting systems |
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Definition
downsides:
require interactivity to use them
dont interface with pharm systems.
not able to free time as much
dont label or cap meds |
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Term
ATM dispensing machines
advantages |
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Definition
better than drive thru.
advantage convenience factor for patients and can specifiy if need to see a pharmacist
some allow u to drop off script while pharmacy closed.
-after hours for pharmacy |
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Term
| ATM dispensing machines DISADVANTAGES |
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Definition
| -controversy by pass pharmacy |
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Term
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Definition
-takes up less space than what youd think than shelving
-helps with safety and accuracy cuz barcode and sync with pharmacy systems and med needs are.
more |
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Term
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Definition
-expensive
-need a certain size room
-need to put meds in bin and scan barcode. theres a possible error if a human filled it wrong |
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Term
| Auto dispensing cabinets advantages |
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Definition
-tracks who what med time and all the info
-identify med stealers.
-patient profile to select meds: given last dose med drops and cant give. uses med profile to control med administration |
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Term
| Auto dispensing cabinets DISADVANTAGES |
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Definition
-busy floor. stack up next to device
-cubies ae human filled so can have error
- |
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Term
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Definition
50% errors of life threatening ades
program pump to set rate
advantage
-they let u pick the rate instead of program rate
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smart pump uses a med library to make sure u cant enter a wrong rate.
rate and dose limits
hard stop makes u change the range
if u dont have a hard stop they arent as effective at preventing errors |
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Term
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Definition
-can misprogram pumps
-have to get all sites of care thru pand T comittee to decide what goes in library |
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Term
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Definition
more accurate
faster
chemo safe
labor source
audit trail better cuz document everything |
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Term
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Definition
expensive
iv tech lose job and works on device
can be slow |
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Term
|
Definition
-CDSS
_CPOE
-Pharmacy
-clinical document
eMAR =Where they document that they give their medications |
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Term
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Definition
Controlled Medical Vocabulary:
is the software that standardize a code for allergy as PCN In both clinical decision and such. |
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Term
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Definition
Clinical Data Repository
-within emr; real time transaction processing dadbase of patient clinical information |
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Term
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Definition
| Electronic medical record: ur health as delivered owned by a single location. |
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Term
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Definition
Electronic health record = as opposed to med record combines all info from multiple medical records. = more
comprehensive. Cradle to grave
An electronic record of health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be created, managed, and consulted by authorized clinicians and staff, across more than one health care organization |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability of different information technology systems and software applications to communicate, to exchange data accurately, effectively, and consistently, and to use the information that has been exchanged |
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Term
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
An electronic record of health-related information on an individual that conforms to nationally recognized interoperability standards and that can be drawn from multiple sources while being managed, shared, and controlled by the individual
PHR = a record that’s maintained BY THE PATIENT. Or the caregiver takes care of it.
(Personal Health Record)
PHR – patient controlls and give and rescend who has access to it. |
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Term
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Definition
(Health Information Exchange)
The electronic movement of health-related information among organizations according to nationally recognized standards
HIE-
movement of the messages between the organizations. |
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Term
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Definition
= network Health info network. Global atm network sharing
connects to EHR not EMR |
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Term
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Definition
MOST AT STAGE 3 or lower
Stage 0 to 7. u have increased functionality. Better care provision for patients.
Bottom to top u can see % most at stage 3 or lower. |
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Term
| Meaningful use = 3 components |
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Definition
E.H.R. + Hie +quality reporting
Helps providers make better care decision is part of meaningful use.
Software should tell them what to do. \ |
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Term
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Definition
| Content communication and commerce = 3 C’s |
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Term
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Definition
| web 2.0 world. The fittest info most accurate info should be what survives. |
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Term
| is deja view a true podcast? |
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Definition
| no True podcasts don’t have video. |
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Term
Apomediateion
vs intermediateion |
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Definition
users rely on trusted friend or colleague to identify the info?
Intermediay stand between patient and info they need and stand in front as a GATE keeper.
Apomediation helps guide you to the information. |
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