Term
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Definition
| any chemical that can affect living processes |
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Term
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Definition
| the study of drugs(chemicals that alter functions of living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the most important property a drug can have it is the ability of a drug to elicit the response for which it was given. |
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Term
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Definition
| a truly safe drug is one that cannot produce harmful effects, no matter the dosage or the length of administration. the goal is for drugs to be as safe as possible |
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Term
| pharmacokinetics and the 4 components |
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Definition
processess that determine how much of an administered dose gets to its sites of action. the impact of the body on drugs.
1. drug absorption
2. drug distribution
3. drug metabolism
4. drug excretion |
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Term
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Definition
| the impact of drugs on the body once a drug has reached its site of action |
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Term
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Definition
| special chemicals in the body that most drugs interact with to produce effects |
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Term
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Definition
| a drug that interacts with a receptor and stimulates the action of that receptor. |
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Term
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Definition
| produce their effects by preventing receptor activation |
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Term
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Definition
| a measure of a drugs safety |
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Term
| iatrogenic disease or effect |
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Definition
| a disease produced by a physician |
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Term
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Definition
| mimic the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system. will either do the same thing as the pns or encourage these actions. A blank promtes the action of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |
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Term
heart (slows HR)
exocirine glands-sweat glands, ebactios glands, smooth muscle
lungs and gi tract, contraction with constriction of bronchi and increased tone and movement in gi muscles
bladder- contraction of some muscles and relaxation of others resulting in more effective emptying of the bladder and decrease in bladder spasms. |
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Definition
| Principal structures affected by muscarinic activation.(cholinergic) |
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Term
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Definition
| Block the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system...mostly do exactly the opposite of what the cholinergics do. |
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Term
heart(speeds rate and force of contraction)
Exocrine glands- decreases the secretion of these glands.
smooth muscles:
lungs and gi tract- dilation and decreased tone and movement in gi muscles
Bladder- urinary retention
Vascular- vasoconstriction
eye-pupillary dialation(mydriasis); blurring of vision decreased tearing...
cant see, cant pee, cant spit, cant poop |
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Definition
| principal structures affected by muscarinic inhibition (ANti- cholinergics) |
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Term
Bethanecol(Urecholine)
Cholinergic |
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Definition
Therapeutic uses: urinary retention
Adverse effects: hypotension(low bp), bradycardia(low heart rate), excessive salivation, increased secretion of gastric acid, abdominal cramps, and diarrhea.
Urinary: contraindicated in patients with UT obstruction or weakness of the bladder wall |
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Term
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Definition
drug that has effects opposite to the muscarinic agonists; some are also used to treat overactive bladder.
Therapeutic uses: pre-anesthesia; disorders of the eye; bradycardia; to treat increased intestinal motility; and muscarinic agonist poisoning. also may be used in emergency situations, a great deal during cardiac arrest to assist in stimulating cardiac activity.
adverse effects: dry mouth, blurred vision, urinary retention, constipation, asthma, anhidrosis(absence of sweating)
Drug interactions: antihistamines, phenothiazine antipsychotics, tricyclic antidepressants. |
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Term
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Definition
| another anti-cholinergic drug that is used for overactive bladder. |
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Term
| Sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| regulating the cardiovascular system, regulating body temp, implementing flight of flight reaction is what system |
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Term
They are Adrenergic agonists
Catecholamines and anti-catecholamines |
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Definition
| These will mimic the actions of the sympathetic nervous system. there are two classes of these what are they? |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot be used orally, have a very brief duration of action, and cannot cross the blood brain barrier. |
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Term
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Definition
| what class of adrenic agonists include ephinephrine, norepinephrine, isoproterenol, dopamine, and doputamine? |
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Term
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Definition
These can be given orally, have a much longer half life than catecholamines, and are more able to cross the blood-brain barrier.
drugs in this class of adrenergic agonists include ephedrine, phenylephrine, and terbutaline. |
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Term
Adrenergic antagonists
Alpha blockers, and Beta Blockers |
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Definition
| cause direct blockade of adrenergic receptors. there are two major groups..what are they? |
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Term
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Definition
This group of adrenergic antagonists have therapeutic uses that include: Essential Hypertension, and BPH(benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Adverse effects: Orthostatic hypotension
reflex taycardia(high heart rate), nasal congestion, inhibition of ejaculation. |
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Term
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Definition
| This group of adrenergic antagonists has therapeutic uses that include: angina pectoris, hypertension, cardiac dysrhythmias, heart attack, heart failure, migraine headaches, glaucoma |
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Term
Alpha-Blockers
Adrenergic antagonists |
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Definition
Prazosin(minipress)-hypertension
Doxazosin(cardura)-hypertension
Tamsulosin(flomax)-BPH |
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Term
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Definition
Propranolol(Inderal)
Metoprolol(lopressor, toprol) |
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Term
| Levodopa/Carbidopa Trade: Sinemet, Paracopa |
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Definition
Classification: Dopaminergic drug (CNS-Anti-Parkinsons)
Action: reduces symptoms by promoting activationo f dopamine receptors, helps restore proper balance between dopamine and actycholine. |
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Term
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Definition
Classification: Dopaminergic drug (CNS-Anti-Parkinsons's)
Action: Binds to dopamine receptors, improves motor performance, and reduce motor fluctuations.
Adverse effects: hallucinations, daytime sleepiness, postural hypotension, nausea, dizziness, insomnia, constipation, weakness
Includes: Pramipexole(mirapex), Ropinirole(requip) |
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Term
| Seizure Type: Simple Partial Seizures |
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Definition
| Manifestations: Discrete or localized sympoms related to the focal area of the brain affected. NO LOSS OF CONCIOUSNESS. may persist 20-60 seconds |
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Term
| Seizure type: Complex partial seizure |
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Definition
| Loss of consciousness;lack of responsiveness; staring with a fixed gaze;followed by a period of automatism during which the patient performs repetitive, purposeless movements, such as lip smacking. these seizures typically last 45-90 seconds. |
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Term
| Seizure type: partial seizures that evolve into secondarily generalized seizures. |
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Definition
| Manifestation: Begin as simple or complex partial seizures and then evolve into generalized tonic_clonic seizures. |
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Term
| Seizure type: Tonic-clonic seizure (grand mal) |
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Definition
| Manifestation: Major convulsions characterized by a period of rigidity(tonic phase) followed by a period of synchronous muscle jerks (clonic phase). Patients will generally be incontinent of urine.(unable to control) |
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Term
| Seizure type: Absence (petit Mal) |
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Definition
| Manifestation: Loss of consciousness for about 1o-30 seconds with or without mild symmetric motor activity. may occur many times a day and occur primarily in children subsiding gernerally by the teenage years. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden muscle contractions either focal myoclonus, with seizure activity involving just one limb, or massive myoclonus involving the muscles of the whole body. Last for about 1 second. |
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Term
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Definition
| Sudden loss of muscle tone-may be related only to the muscles of the head and neck, resulting in head drop or the muscles of the trunk and libls, resulting in a drop attack or sudden collapse of the patient. occur mainly in children |
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Term
| Seizure Type: Status Epilepticus |
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Definition
| Manifestation: Seizures persisting for 30 min or longer |
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Term
| Phenytoin trade: dilantin |
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Definition
Antiepileptic
Action: selective inhibition of sodium channels, stabilizes neuronal membranes, and LIMITS THE SPREAD OF SEIZURE ACTIVITY by affecting the motor cortex. |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-epileptic
Action:: binds to gaba receptors, causing the receptor to respond more intensely to gaba itself.
Adverse effects: lethargy; depression;agitation and confusion |
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Term
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Definition
| what kind of drugs are Carbamazepine, and valproic acid |
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Term
Gabapentin Trade name: Neurontin
Gaba in drug name= something with neural improperly functioning. |
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Definition
classification: anti-epileptic
does not directly affect GABA receptors-it may enhance gaba release, increasing gaba-mediated inhibition of neuronal firing. |
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Term
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Definition
One of more powerful opioids, typically used for severe pain.
Action: analgesia, anxiety reduction, euphoria, mental clouding and drowsiness
Therapeutic use: the relief of pain
adverse effects: Respiratory depression and COnstipation!
drug interactions: CNS depressants, anticholinergic drugs, anti-hypertensive drugs, monoamine oxidase(MAO) inhibitors- nardil, marplan, and parnate |
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Term
Fentanyl(sublimaze)
Meperidine (demerol)
Hydromorphone(dilaudid) |
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Definition
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Term
Codeine, Oxycodone(oxycontin;percodan)
Hydrocodone (loratab; vicodin)
Propoxyphene (darvon; darvocet) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Non-opioid centrally acting analgesic |
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Term
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Definition
| narcotic antagonist: given iv to reverse the actions of opioids. may require redosing in 2 hrs or so. ____ does the same thing but generally doesnt require re-dosing. |
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Term
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Definition
| The drug of choice for stopping ongoing migraine attacks; also used for cluster headaches |
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Term
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Definition
| used when aura arises before a migraine hits. |
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Term
| Beta blockers (inderal; Toprol) |
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Definition
| Preferred drugs for migraine prevention (preventative aka prophylactic therapy) |
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Term
| Tricyclic antidepressants |
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Definition
| can prevent migraine and tension type headaches; the underlying mechanism is unknown. |
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Term
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Definition
| for menstrual migraines..preventative therapy |
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Term
| Verapamil and flunarizine |
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Definition
| are the only two calcium channel blockers that appear useful in relieving migraines |
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Term
1st generation Cox II inhibitors
Classification: antipyretics, nonopioid analgesics, and salicylates
asprin, ibuprofen and aleve |
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Definition
Help with pain fever, and inflammation
adverse effects: Gi bleeding, dyspepsia, epigastric distress, and nausea |
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Term
2nd generation cox II inhibitors
Celebrex; Mobic)
classification: antirheumatics, nonsteroidal anti inflammatory agents |
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Definition
Therapeutic uses: relief of signs and symptoms of osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, management of acute pain and inflammation.
DOES NOT HELP WITH FEVER
adverse effects: Gi Bleeding, dyspepsia |
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Term
| Acetaminophen trade: tylonal |
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Definition
A drug
Therapeutic uses: mild pain, fever
Not for inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
Used to treat: Rheumatoid arthritis
systemic lupus erythematosis
osteoarthritis
asthma |
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Term
beta-2 adrenergic agonists
Prototype: albuterol(ventolin) and other -ol drugs
glucocoriticoids
methylxanthines
prototype drug: theophylline(aminophylline) |
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Definition
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Term
| The monoamine hypothesis of depression |
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Definition
| depression is caused by a funcional insuficiency of monoamine transmitters, norepinephrine, seretonin, or both |
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Term
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Definition
| Prototype for tricyclic antidepressants |
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Term
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Definition
drug
Therapeutic uses: depression, bipolar disorder, neuropathy pain
adverse effects: ortostatic hypotension, anticholinergic effects (cant see, pee spit, poop)
sedation, cardiac toxicity.
Drug interactions: CNS depressants
*huge issues with overdose/toxicity, these drugs can be tough to reverse! |
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Term
| Seretonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI's) |
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Definition
USES: Depression
adverse effects: sexual dysfuncion
serotonin syndrome
drug interactions: mao inhibitors, warfarin(coumadin)-may be displaced by prozac |
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Term
Fluoxetine (prozac)
Other ssris include
celexa
lexapro
paxil
zoloft...these have fewer side effects |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Serotonin/Norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (S/NRI's) |
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Term
Nardil
Parnate
Marplan
dont play well with others Not first line of defense many side effects |
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Definition
MAO inhibitors (MAOI's)
3rd and 4th choice antidepressant |
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Term
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Definition
Sedative-hypnotic drugs
uses: anxiety, insomnia, seizure disorders, muscle spasms
Adverse effects: CNS depression, Anterograde amnesia (impaired recall of events that take place after dosing)
Paradocical effects (occasionally have the reverse effect- insomnia, excitation, euphoria etc), abuse
drug interaction: CNS depressants
Prototype drug: diazepam(valium) |
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Term
Barbiturates
Prototype: PENTOTHAL, SECONAL, PHENOBARBITAL |
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Definition
CNS depressants and at hypnotic doses can have positive cardiovascular effects.
uses: daytime sedation
induction of sleep
seizure disorders
induction of general anesthesia and/or conscious sedation
treatment of insomnia
adverse effects: profound respiratory depression
suicide
abuse
hangover
drug interactions: other CNS depressants |
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Term
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Definition
block na+ and Cl reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of henale.
uses: EDEMA and Hypertension
adverse effects: Low K+ (need to take potassium supplement as well with this drug)
Dehydration |
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Term
| Thiazide Diuretics - HCTZ |
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Definition
Block reabsorption of Na+ and Cl in the early segment of the distal convoluted tubule
uses: essential hypertension
Edema
adverse effects: Low K+(not as bad as loop dieuretics)
dehydration
hypotension |
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Term
| K+ sparing diuretics (Aldactone) |
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Definition
Promotes sodium excretion and K+ retention
uses: Hypertension
edema
adverse effects: elevated K+ levels
drug interactions: K+ supplements
salt substitutes (K+ Iodide) |
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Term
| Osmotic diuretics (mannitol) |
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Definition
Creates an osmotic force within the nephron to inhibit passive reabsorption of water.
uses: Prophylaxis of renal failure
reductiono f intracranial pressure (ICP)[head trauma w/ brain edema]
reduction of intraocular pressure(IOP) [glaucoma or injury to eye] |
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Term
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Definition
Classification: Loop Dieuretics
Action/Uses: Inhibits the reabsorption of sodium and chloride from the loop of Henle and distal renal tubule. Furosemide increases renal excretion of water, sodium, chloride, magnesium, hydrogen, and calcium. Used for pulmonary edema associated with congestive heart failure, edema of hepatic, cardiac, or renal origin that has been unresponsive to less efficacious diuretics; and hypertension that cannot be controlled with other diuretics. |
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Term
Name of drug: dyazide (Hydrochlorothiazide + Triamterene)
Classification: Thiazide and Potassium sparing diuretic |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Used to treat hypertension and fluid retention. It inhibits the body from absorbing too much salt while keeping potassium levels balanced. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Spironolactone (generic), Aldactone (brand)
Class: Potassium-sparing diuretic |
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Definition
Action: competes with aldosterone at receptor sites in distal tubule, resulting in excretion of sodium chloride, water, retention of potassium, phosphate
Uses: edema of CHF, hypertension, diuretic-induced hypokalemia, primary hyperaldosteronism edema of nephritic syndrome, cirrhosis of the liver with ascites |
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Term
Name of Drug: Hydrochlorothiazide(HCTZ)
Trade Name: Aquazide H, HydroDIURIL, Microzide, Apo-Hydro, others
Classification: thiazide diuretic, antihypertensive |
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Definition
| Actions/Uses: diuretic, reduces the kidneys’ ability to absorb sodium, which in turn reduces the ability to reabsorb water, causing increased urinary output. The decreased levels of fluid in the blood help the heart pump more efficiently and decrease cardiac output. Used to treat a variety of conditions including: hypertension, congestive heart failure, symptomatic edema, the prevention of kidney stones and multiple other disorders. This drug has also been found helpful in treating diabetes insipidus(excessive urine production), although this mechanism is unknown. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Bumetanide Trade: Bumex
Classification: Loop (high ceiling) Diuretic |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Bumex inhibits sodium reabsorption in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, as shown by marked reduction of free-water clearance (CH2O) during hydration and tubular free-water reabsorption (TCH2O) during hydropenia. Reabsorption of chloride in the ascending limb is also blocked by Bumex, and Bumex is somewhat more chloruretic than natriuretic |
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Term
Drug name: hydrochlorothiazide + triamterene Trade name: maxzide
Classification: Diuretic (thiazide plus a potassium sparing diuretic) |
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Definition
| Actions/Uses: Controlling high blood pressure (hypertension), treating water retention (edema), most likely used in patients with kidney disease and/or patients with diabetes. |
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Term
Name of Drug: H-1 Antagonists (Antihistamine)
Classification: First-Generation H-1 antagonists (sedating), Second-Generation H-1 Antagonists (non-sedating) |
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Definition
Action:
They bind selectively to H-1 histaminic receptors, thereby blocking the actions of histamine at these sites. They can also bind to nonhistaminic receptors.
Therapeutic Uses:
Can reduce symptoms of mild and severe allergic reactions
Motion Sickness
Insomnia |
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Term
Name of drug: diphenhydramine Hydrocloride Trade: Benadryl
Classification: Antihistamine, Anti-motion-sickness drug, Sedative-hypnotic, Antiparkinsonian, Cough suppressant. |
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Definition
| Action/uses: Competitively blocks the effects of histamine at H1- receptor sites, has an atropine-like, antipruritic, and sedative effect. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Prednisone Trade Name: Deltasone
Drug Classification: Glucocorticoid |
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Definition
Action/ Uses:
Used to suppress rejection of organ transplants, treating a variety of inflammatory, allergic and neoplastic disorders. (When treating inflammatory and allergic disorders the goal is to suppress signs and symptoms to an acceptable level, not to eliminate them.) |
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Term
Name of drug class: Beta-2 agonists
Examples of drugs in class, generic and trade names: Terbutaline (Brethine), Albuterol (Ventoline), Pirbuterol (Maxair), Bitolterol (Tornalate), Formoterol (Perforomist), Salmeterol (Serevent Diskus) |
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Definition
| Action and Uses: Beta-2 agonists are primarily used for treating asthma by activating beta-2 receptors in the lung to promote bronchodialation, relieving or preventing asthma attacks. Activation of beta-2 receptors in the uterus relaxes uterine smooth muscle, an action exploited during pre-term labor to decrease the frequency and intensity of contractions. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Terbutaline Trade Name: Brethine
Classification: Beta 2 agonist, noncatecholamine |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Can reduce airway resistance in asthma by causing beta 2-mediated bronchodilation. Also used to delay preterm labor by relaxing uterine smooth muscle. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Glucocorticoids
Classification: Steroid Hormone produced by Adrenal Cortex |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Used to treat Rheumatoid Arthritis, Inflammation, Allergic conditions, Asthma, Some types of Cancer. Can be administered orally, intranasally, injections, inhalation, topical. Topical for dermatologic disorders; Used in low doses to treat adrenal insufficiency. Used in higher does, orally or inhaled, to suppress allergic disorders, inflammatory disorders, asthma. Inhaled Glucocorticoids used to treat asthma and used in nasal sprays for Rhinitis. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Secobarbital
Classification: Barbiturate |
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Definition
Action: Alters sensory cortex, cerebellar, and motor activities; produces sedation, hypnosis, and anesthesia .
Uses: Treatment of epilepsy, insomnia and as a pre-op medicine for a short procedures with minimal pain. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Xanax
Classification: Alprazolam, Benzodiazephines |
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Definition
Action: Potentiates the effects of GABA, depresses the CNS, and suppresses the spread of seizure activity.
Uses: anxiety |
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Term
Name of Drug: Phenelzine Trade: Nardil
Classification: Antidepressant/Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor |
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Definition
Action: Inhibits the enzyme monoamine oxidase, resulting in an accumulation of various neurotransmitters (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, and serotonin) in the body.
Uses: Treatment of neurotic or atypical depression (usually reserved for patients who do not tolerate or respond to other modes of therpy). |
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Term
Name of Drug: Aminophylline Trade: Theophylline – Aminophylline
Classification: A Methylxanthine - Bronchodilator |
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Definition
Action/Uses: Aminophylline causes a release of epinephrine from the adrenal medulla cells and blocks adenosine receptors that mediate the constriction of airways. These actions lead to bronchodilation, dieresis, stimulation of the central nervous and cardiac systems, and also an increase of gastric acid secretion.
Primarily used as a bronchodilator in the treatment of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), bronchial asthma, emphysema, and bronchitis. |
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Term
dopamine
classification: catecholamine |
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Definition
| action/uses: small doses- producing renal vasodilation |
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Term
Name of Drug: Norepinephrine Trade: Levophed
Classification: Catecholamine |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Stimulates alpha-adrenergic receptors located mainly in blood vessels, causing constriction of both capacitance and resistance vessels. Also has minor beta-adrenergic activity (myocardial stimulation) Used to raise B/P and heart rate in emergency situations |
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Term
Classification: Therapeutic: Name of Drug: Atropine Trade: Sal-Tropine; AtroPen antiarrhythmics
Pharmacologic: anticholinergics, antimuscarinics |
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Definition
Action/Uses: Inhibits the action of acetylcholine at postganglionic sites located in: smooth muscle, secretory glands, CNS(antimuscarinic activity).
-Low doses decrease: sweating, salivation, respiratory secretions(used during preanesthesia).
Therapeutic Effects: Increased heart rate(Used when a patient is bradycardic). Decreased GI and respiratory secretions. Reversal of muscarinic effects(Used in patients to reverse affects of anticholinesterases). |
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Term
Name of Drug: Oxybutynin Trade names: Ditropan, Ditropan XL, Oxytrol
Classification: Oxybutynin |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Used to relieve urinary and bladder difficulties, including frequent urination and inability to control urination by decreasing muscle spasms |
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Term
Name of Drug: Bethanecol Trade: Urecholine
Classification: cholinergic |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Prinicipal indication is urinary retention |
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Term
Drug Name: Epinephrine Trade Names: Epinephrine, EpiPen, EpiPen Jr.
Classification: Adrenergic Agonists; catecholamines |
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Definition
Action/Uses: Therapeutic Uses
Delay absorption of local anesthetics •Control superficial bleeding •Elevate blood pressure in cardiac arrest•Produce mydriasis during ophthalmologic procedures •Overcome AV heart block •Restore cardiac function in patients experiencing cardiac arrest•Promotes bronchodilation (useful in asthma patients)•Treatment of choice for anaphylactic shock |
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Term
Drug Name: Dobutamine Trade Name: Dobutrex
Classification: Adrenergic Agonist |
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Definition
| Actions/Uses: Used for long term treatment of congestive heart failure; Selective activation of beta 1-adrenergic receptors & essentially improving the hemodynamic status of a patient diagnosed with heart failure. |
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Term
Name of Drug:Levodopa/ Carbidopa
Trade name: Sinemet and Paracopa
Classification: antiparkinson agent |
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Definition
| Reduces PD symptoms by restoring the proper balance between dopamine and ACh |
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Term
| Agonists Name of drug class: Dopamine |
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Definition
| Used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, pituitary tumors, and sometimes for restless leg syndrome |
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Term
Name of drug: Phenobarbital
Classification: Barbiturate |
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Definition
| . Treats or prevents seizures, treats insomnia (short term), sedative before surgery. |
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Term
Name of Drug: Tegretol/Carbamazepine(oral)/Carbatrol/Equetro/Tegretol XR
Classification: Anticonvulsants |
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Definition
| Action/Uses: Decreases nerve impulses. Used to prevent seizures. |
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