Bacteriocidal

kills bacteria

bacteriostatic

Inhibits growth of bacteria

Bacteria can mutate and become resistant when:

1. Perscription not completed
2. Antibiotics prescribed inappropriatly

 What can Bacterica produce To lead to resistence?

Drug destroying enzyme: penicillinase> Inhibits penecillan from getting into bacterial cells

Bacteria can mutate to another species when?:

• in the presence of low dose antibitoics

Resistant bacteria:

• Proteus
• Pseudomonas
• staph aureus> mrsa
• Enterococci>vra

VRE

• Vancomyacin resistant entro-cocci

Nursing actions to reduce bacterial resistance

• Teaching> complete Rx>do not treat viral infection w/ ABX
• Discard unused ABX
• Aseptic technique

Vesicant

Agent that produces a vesicle(a small sac containing liquid or gas)

ask??

Extravasation

Penecillan & Side effects

• antibiotic- bacerocidal
• Nausea, vomiting, diahrrhea, superinfection,Dermatitis, hives,sneezing, weezing,pruritis, serum sickness, anaphylactic shock

Serum sickness

• Joint pain                                 JEFC
• edema
• fever
• chills

Anaphylactic shock

• pale
• diaphoretic
• hypotension
• sever dyspnea
• loss of conciousness
• death
• circulatory collapse

If allergic to penecillin cant have:

cephalosporins

carbapemems> will give erythromyacin instead

Drugs in penacillin catagory

• amoxacillin(amoxil) (augmentin)
• ampicillin(polycillin)
• dicloxacillin(dynapen)
• methcillin(staphcillin)
• Penicillin G
• penicillin v ( pen vee k)

Cephalosporins

• antibiotc: bacteriocydal
• broad spectrum
• considered betalactam antibacterial
• 4th generation

Cephalexin

• trade: Keflex
• prototype of cephalosporin

keflex treats:

Infections of respiratory, soft tissues, bones, UTI, bloodstream infections, PCN resistant

Cephalosporins contraindicated with:

 proir sever anaphylactic reaction to PCN

action of cepahlosporins

• Inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall

Cephalosporins developed from:

Side effects os cephalosporins

• nausea
• vomiting
• nephrotoxicity
• superinfections
• phlebitis
• thrombophlebitis

different drugs of cephalosporins

• cefazolin
• cephalexin
• cefaclor
• cephradine
• ceftrioxone
• ceftazidime

carbapenems

• imipenem/cilastin
• antibiotic
• broad spectrum
• used when other ABX have failed
• Im, Iv very painful( will mix w/ 1% liticane)

monobactam

• Aztreonam( azactam)
• useful against gram - organisms & resistant strains

tetracycline

• broadspectrum Abx: bacteriostatic
• Useful for UTI'S,acne and std's
• rarely used for system infections

actions of tetracycline

• bacteriostatic, inhibits protien synthesis

• renal failure
• pregnancy>depression of bone growth/brown patches on teeth
• children under eight> discolor teeth

side effects of tetracycline

• NV
• anorexia
• nephrotoxicity
• hepatotoxicity
• skin photosensitivity> sunburn

Different drugs of tetracyclines:

• usually end in "ine" "mycin"
• doxycycline
• oxytetracycline
• vibramyacin
• terramyacin

special instructions when taking tetracyclines

• do not take w/ food high in calcium,iron, or antiacids> interferes with absorption of abx

sulfonamides

• Broadspectrum, antibiotic>
• bacterio static against many gram- &gram+ organisms
• bacteriocydal in Urinary system> useful for UTIs

side effects of sulfonamides

• nausea
• rash
• fever
• anemia
• stephens johnson syndrome
• photo sensitivity- light hurts eyes
• urinary stone formation

different drugs for sulfonamides

• short acting
  • thiosulfil
  • gantanol
    • for UTI's
• intermediate acting
  • septra
  • bactrim
    • otitis media
    • UTI's
• topical creams
  • silvadene
  • sulfamylon
    • skin

aminoglycocides

• Broad spectrum ABX> bacteriocidal
• usually given IV

action and uses of aminoglycocides

• Inhibits protein synthesis of cell wall
• used for gram- nosocomial infectionsons

nosocomial infections

hospital aquired

side effects of aminoglycocides

• ototoxicity
• nephrotoxicity
• neurotoxicity- muscle weakness

• gentamycin/garamycin
• kanamycin/kantrax
• neomycin
• streptomycin
• tobramycin

Quinolone derivitives

• also fluoroquinolones
• antibiotic> bacteriocidal
• effective against gram- and gram+
• po/iv
• metabolized in kidneys and liver

actions and contraindications of fluoroquinolones

• interferes with DNA synthesis
• contraindicated in children under 18 and pregnancy
• effective against mrsa

different fluoroquinolones

• ciprofloxicin(cipro)
• norofloxicin
• levofloxicin(levaquin)

side effects of fluoroquinolones

• NV, diarrhea

Chlioramphenicol

• chloromycetin
• bacteriostatic antibiotic
• useful for typhoid, salonella, h-flu

side effects of chloramphenicol

• bone marrow depression
• can cause aplastic anemia so monitor blood count

lincosamides

• also clindamycin, cleocin
• bacteriostatic or bacteriocidal antibiotic

action of lincosamides

• inhipits protien synthesis
• effective against gram - anerobic infections

the big 3

• cleocin
• gentomyacin
• tobramyacin
  • aggresive attacking- hits from 3 angles

vancomyacin

• antibiotic
• used to treat MRSA
• we now have VRSA(vancomyacin resistant staph aureus)

side effects of vancomyacin

• nephro toxicity
• ototoxicity
• redman symdrom

macrolides

• erythromyacin
• antibiotic- bacteriostatic
• frequently used if allergic to PNC
• metabolized in liver

clarithromycin

• biaxin
• bacteriostatic antibiotic
• For UTI's and URI's

azithromyacin

• zithromax
• bacteriostatic abx
• extended 1/2 life- 2 pills = 68 hrs

antifungals

• fungicidal/fungustatic
• used to treat yeast/mold infectious orgnaisms& superinfections/infections in immune compromised patients

nystatin

• mycostatin
• antifungal
• used to treat thrush
• rapid symptomatic relief

forms of nystatin

• powder, suppositories,tablets,liquid

Griseofulvin

• antifungal
• used to treat infection caused by
  • trichophyton
  • microsporm
  • epidermophyton

trichophyton

• lives on or near skin> ringworm

microsporm

• effects skin/hair/nails

epidermophyton

effects skin/nails>athletes foot

amphotericin B

• Antifungal- fungistatic
• also fungazone
• used for sustemic fungus infections
• may need pain killer to tolerate>VERY PAINFUL

metronidazole

• (also FLAGYL)
• used for fungal,parasitic,and bacterial infections
• effective against anerobic endocarditis,meningitis
• makes you very sick with alchohol

acyclovir

• (Zonvirax)
• works only on cell infected by virus
• stops synthesis of DNA
• uses for herpes, shingles, chickenpox
• po,iv, topical

antiretrovirals

• used for aids patients
• stops production of retrovirus(HIV) by interfereing with replication

zidovudine

• an antiretroviral 
• also retrovir, AZI
• side effects: headache, nausea, blood dyscrasias( messes up blood count)