Term
|
Definition
Not used frequently - administered 4-6X daily (poor owner compliance)
Neutralize HCl
used against gastric ulcers but rarely because there are better drugs available |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Histamine H2 blocker
- inhibits acid secretion on parietal cells
- used against gastric ulcers/erosions
-prefers using this one: once a day, minimal inhibition of drugs that need the liver to metabolize it, MOST powerful |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Histamine H2 blocker
- inhibits acid secretion on parietal cell
- used against gastric ulcers/erosions
- high risk of hepatic inhibition |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Histamine H2 Antagonist
- inhibits acid secretion on parietal cell
- used against gastric ulcers/erosions
- prokinetic action |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Aluminum salt
cytoprotective drug
- viscus gel in acids (dissociates) and acts as physical barrier
- Promotes PGE2, vasodilatory to promote healing of ulcers/erosions - helps restore mucosal integrity
Allows bicarb back in
- used against gastric ulcers/erosions
- expensive, 3-4X day
*inhibits drug absorption so stagger when used with other drugs
-inhibits bile and pepsin |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Proton-pump inhibitor
- inhibits H+/K+ ATPase pump to reduce gastric acidity/volume
- use with severe gastric lesions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthetic prostaglandin (PGE2 derritive) that acts anti-secretory
- used against NSAID induced gastritis
- inhibits H+ secretions
-increases gastric blood flow, bicarb, mucus
- used with trigone transitional cell carcinomas, because they are treated with NSAIDS like peroxicam |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Prokinetic drug
- delayed gastric emptying & generalized progressive motility
- increases ACh release at mysenteric plexus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Prokinetic drug
- used to increase upper GI motility
- delayed gastric emptying |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Macrolide Antibiotic
- Motilin agonist, prokinetic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-inhibits CMI
- can be used as immunosuppressive drug |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Used against IBD ulcerative colitis in DOGS (immunosuppressive) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 agonist
- Used for sedative and analgesia, caudal epidural anesthesia in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 agonist
Very potent
- used in horses for sedation and analgesia, caudal epidural anesthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Partial opiate receptor agonist (kappa & sigma)
- used as sedative and analgesic
- used in horses with colitis and pot op colic
- opioid with least side effects in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NSAID - analgesia, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
- inhibits COX-1 & COX-2
alleviates musculoskeletal and visceral pain
***mostly commonly used NSAID for GI problems in horses
-antiendotoxic effect (COX inhibition)
**competes with furosemide in kidney transporters for elimination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NSAID - analgesia, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
- inhibits COX-1 & COX-2
alleviates musculoskeletal and visceral pain
**used mainly in foals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
NSAID - analgesia, antipyretic, anti-inflammatory
- inhibits COX-1 & COX-2
alleviates musculoskeletal pain, less effective against visceral pain
**used against laminitis in horses
good at negating endotoxin induced ileus in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contains polyclonal antibodies against endotoxin
- effective anti-endotoxin
also provides other benefical health factors (antithrombin III, protein, etc) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Polymyxin - antibiotic
- binds to LPS (lipid A portion) and destroys cell wall
=bactericidal
-only effective against Gram - bacteria (because they have LPS)
effective anti-endotoxic drug
* used in horses prone to laminitis, colic surgery
NEG FX: can cause nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Trental)
synthetic xanthine derritive, phosphodiesterase inhibitor
- antiendotoxic
-----inhibits IL1, IL6, TNF Alpha production
NEG FX: decreased bioavailability with repeated administration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DMSO
Radical scavenger
-anti-inflammatory
-anti-endotoxic
** used primarily in horses
NEG FX: can cause hemolysis if too concentrated or given too fast |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(PEPTO BISMOL)
Gastroprotectant
-adsorbs toxins
-protective mucosa coating
- antidiarrheal
mild antibacteral
-- not often used against ulcers because it needs to be administered often
NEG FX: Do not use in cats, have issues with salicylate portion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Kaopectate)
Gatroprotectant
NOT often used
adsorbs toxins
anti-diarrheal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Gastroprotectant
- adsorbs some toxins/toxins
- prevents/reduces systemic absorption
* used with toxin ingestion
give with laxative to speed up elimination and reduce time toxins are in the body |
|
|
Term
| Di-Tri-Octahedral Smectite |
|
Definition
(BioSponge)
intestinal protectant
- adsorbs toxins, viruses, bacteria, free radicals
**adsorbs C. diff and C.perfringen toxins
anti-diarrheal |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(epsom salt)
osmotic agent (laxative/cathartic)
draws water into the GI lumen
- used with impactions
NEG FX: Mg toxicity, enteritis if administered for more than 3 days consecutively |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DSS
Surface acting laxative/cathartic
-used in severe impactions in horses
NEG FX: wait 48 hours to readminister
Abdominal discomfort, GI irritation, dehydration |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Metamuzil, Equine Enteric Colloid)
Bulk forming laxative
- used to prevent/treat sand impactions in horses
- increase fecal consistancy with chronic diarrhea |
|
|
Term
| Aluminum/Magnesium hydroxide |
|
Definition
(Maalox)
Antacid
-rapidly neutralizes acid
-used to treat gastric ulcers in horses, but is NOT curative |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
**amino amide local anesthetic
**anti-arrhythmic
**GI Prokinetic
---prokinetic on small intestine and large colon
NEG FX: muscle fasiculations, ataxia, seizures
Drug interactions: cimetidine, metronidazole (p450!!) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Muscarinic cholinergic agonist
- intestinal prokinetic
---promotes gastric emptying, some contractions
Used primarily in horses
NEG FX:salivation, lacrimation, urinartion, defication in overdose |
|
|
Term
| Neostigmine methylsulfate |
|
Definition
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
-- intestinal prokinetic of horses
- promotes cecal and large colon motility |
|
|
Term
| Bustylscopolammonium bromide |
|
Definition
Anticholinergic, spasmolytic drug
- used in horses to reduce spasms and control pain from flatulent colic or simple impaction
Neg FX: may cause mild, transient tachycardia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Antibiotic
*tx of lawsonia intracellularis that has macrolide diarrhea in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Tetracycline antibiotic
*treatment of Potomac horse fever colitis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of GAGs - joint cushion
can be supplemented as chondroprotective nutraceutical in osteoarthritis when joint cells are dysfunctional
-promotes synovial fluid
- inhibits thrombosis in joint vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
component of GAGs - joint cushion
can be supplemented as chondroprotective nutraceutical in osteoarthritis when joint cells are dysfunctional
-promotes synovial fluid
- inhibits thrombosis in joint vasculature |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
MILK THISTLE
nutraceutical liver protectant
- anti-inflammatory
- protects membranes
- promotes toxin efflux |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Hepatoprotectant nutraceutical
(Denosyl)
- antiinflammatory
*scavenges reactive 02 (free radicals that cause hepatocellular damage)
- used in inflammatory liver dz
Can also inactivate toxins
-converted to cysteine |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Heptoprotective pro-nutraceutical
scavenges free radicals
anti-inflammatory for liver dz |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
EPA
conversion of fish oils
that replaces arachidonic acid in inflammatory pathway but elicits a less significant response
- anti-inflammatory
- used against canine atopy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Brain nutraceutical
gets converted to acetylcholine for increased neurotransmission |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-viral nutraceutical
Used against herpes
- herpes requires arginine to replicate
- represses arginine synthesis to inhibit viral replication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acetylated polysaccharides
immunostimulant nutraceutical/botanical from the aloe vera plant
Used IN wounds or mastcytomas to increase release of TNF, IL1, IL6
-increases humoral and cellular immunity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botanical anti-diarrheal nutraceutical with antibiotic activity
- derived from olive oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botanical anti-diarrheal nutraceutical that has Analgesic and Antibiotic activity
- inhibits nocioceptive NA channels = analgesia
- derived from clove oil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Botanical anti-diarrheal nutraceutical
- potent anti-fungal activity
- derived from cinnamon |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
botanical anti-diarrheal nutraceutical
- anti inflammatory
- anti-protozoal
- derived from chamomile |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
From cranberry extract
used against feline UTIs or urolithaliasis
- acidify the urine
- prevent bacterial adherence
- prevent crystal formation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Found in Yunnan Baiyao Powder (botanical)
- supply hemostasis
- used in jaw surgery |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- inhibits dihydropeptidase, which is required to inactivate imipenem
- this can be combined to prolong the antibiotic properties of imipenem |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
inhibits beta lactamase which is produced by some bacteria making them resistant to beta lactams
- added to beta lactams to increase effectiveness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 AGONIST
- sedative and analgesic
- short duration
- used in cattle mostly
NEG FX: decreased GI motility and heart function
- increased uterine tone in late gestation (poss abortion)
REVERSE w/tolazoline
antagonist Yomhimbine
*acidic, do not use with aklalines |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 ANTAGONIST
reversal for alpha2 agonist sedatives
(like xylazine, dexmedetomidine, detomidine, romifidine)
*not approved in horses |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetylcholine receptor agonist
- competes with atropine for same receptor |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Phenothiazine
-tranquilizer
-anxiolytic
-ataractic
-neuroleptic
- 8 hr + duration
*oxidized by iron supplements
Neg fx: vasodilation and hypotension (alpha 1 antagonistic peripheral effects)
no reversal agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benzodiazopine
tranquilizier, anxiolytic, ataractic, neuroleptic
Reversal agent: flumazenil |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benzodiazepine
tranquilizer, anxiolytic, ataractic, neuroleptic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha 2 antagonist
- can be used to reverse alpha 2 agonists (like xylazine, dexmedetomidine)
approved in dogs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid analgesic
Partial Mu agonist
- long onset (30-60 minutes) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid analgesic
Full Mu agonist - controls moderate to severe pain
Can cause vomiting if given IM
can cause histamine release when given rapidly IV
- 3-4 hour duration of effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid analgesic
full mu agonist
Controls moderate to severe pain
can cause vomiting if given IM
- 3-4 hour duration of effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid analgesic
Full mu agonist
controls moderate to severe pain
-3-4 hour duration of effect |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid analgesic
full mu agonist
Controls moderate to severe pain
-administered IV b/c of short duration of effect, or transdermal patch |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Opioid antagonist
most commonly used antagonist
- short acting, renarcotization can occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reversal agent for Midazolam (a benzodiazapine) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alpha-2 reversal agent
****only one approved in horses****
NEG FX: sweating, tachycardia, licking, lip flipping, lacrimal discharge, muscle fasiciculation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- used to treat liver disease
- reduces NH3, promotes excretion via laxative functions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| - useful in animals with chloestasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Fluid therapy used for metabolic acidosis
- direct alkalinizing agent |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
THAM
direct alkalinizing agent used in fluid therapy of metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| Lactated Ringers Solution |
|
Definition
Na lactate
- indirect alkalinizing agent
- can be used to treat metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acetated polyionic
- indirect alkalinizing agent
- used in fluid therapy of metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indirect alkalinizing agent
- can be used in fluid therapy of metabolic acidosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
indirect alkalinizing agent
- can be used in fluid therapy of metabolic acidosis
NEG FX: May induce vomiting |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Acidifying agent
NEG FX: do not use with liver disorders, urea poisoning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
acidifies the body by increasing reabsorption of Cl- in the renal tubule
(increased plamsa Cl- decreased plasma HCO3- = acidified)
- hypertonic: vasodilation= reduced afterload, increased oxygen to heart |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Synthetic colloid
- used for volume expansion
NEG FX: dexran40 can cause acute renal failure, can interfere with fibrin clot formation
may cause ag-ab reaction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-coccidial
- coccidiostat
- decrease electron transport in sporozoites (1st asexual)
No preslaughter time
NEG FX: lots of resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IONOPHORE antibiotic
Anti-coccidial
- growth promoter in ruminants
- Increase Na & H entry = disrupts membranes, decreases pH
NEG FX: Preslaughter withdrawal, no veal calves
cardiac issues, increase catecholamine release |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
IONOPHORE antibiotic
Anti-coccidial
- growth promoter in ruminants
- Increase Na & H entry = disrupts membranes, decreases pH
stronger than monensin
NEG FX: Preslaughter withdrawal, no veal calves
cardiac issues, increases catecholamine release
**caution in horses** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Anti-coccidial
- Thiamine antagonist (50X more sensitive in coccidia than animal cells)
- 1st gen and trophozoites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
triazine derivative
Anti-coccidial, Anti-EPM
**prevention and treatment of coccidosis**
-inhibits nuclear division
- extralabel use in horses for coccidia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Triazine derivative
- inhibits nuclear division of schizonts
NEG FX: blisters of mouth, skin rash, colic, seizures, GI disturbances
Anti-coccidial (extra label), anti-toxo, anti-EPM
**crosses BBB*** |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
TX for: Giardiasis, histomoniasis, babesiosis, trichomoniasis, amebiasis,
MOA: Disrupts DNA helical structure (active metabolite)
NEG FX:
GI disturbances, CNS disturbances, mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, neutropenia, |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benzimidazole
- tx of giardiasis
NEG FX: liver toxicity, bone marrow depletion, teratogen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Benzimidazole
tx of giradiasis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aminoglycoside
**extra label tx & prev of crytosporidiosis**
NEG FX: nephrotoxicity, vomiting, diarrhea, colic, deafness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aminoglycoside
*also tx of cryptosporidosis* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Aminoglycoside
*tx of cryptosporidiosis* |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-binds to and denatures DNA
*TX of babesia
NEG FX: do not use in food animals,
SLUDD (PNS stimulation), pain at injection site, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anti-cholinesterase agents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Administered PO
kills adult fleas
- fast acting but only lasts for a day |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect development inhibitor
-kills larvae and eggs
-can be given PO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-can be given PO
-can kill fly larvae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect Development inhibitor
-can kill fly larvae
-can be given PO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-kills fly larvae
-can be given PO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect growth regulator
-ectoparsiticide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect growth regulator
-ectoparasiticide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Insect growth regulator
-ectoparasiticide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Botanical ectoparasiticide |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Botanical ectoparasiticide |
|
|
