Term
| chemical substance produced by various microorganisms that inhibit the growth or destroy microorganisms |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
antibiotics mechanisms of action
(there are 4) |
|
Definition
1. inhibits cell wall synthesis
2. inhibits protein synthesis
3. disruption of membrane permeability
4. inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites |
|
|
Term
| properties of effective antibiotics |
|
Definition
1. penentrate cell wall
2. high enough concentration
3. binds to sites on bacterial cell wall |
|
|
Term
| to achieve optimal therapeutic goals, you have to _________? (there are 4 things) |
|
Definition
1. have appropriate antbx agent
2. sufficient dose
3. proper route
4. sufficient duration |
|
|
Term
| 4 types of antbx resistant bacteria |
|
Definition
1. MRSA
2. VRE
3. PRSP
4. MDR-TB |
|
|
Term
| What causes drug resistance |
|
Definition
| antbx ability to reach target site; bacterial enzymes destroy or inactivate the drug; the microorganism alters due to biochemical changes; functional state of the host's defense |
|
|
Term
| general adverse reactions of antbx |
|
Definition
| allergic reactions; suprainfections (secondary infections like C-Diff); organ toxicity (liver or kidney) |
|
|
Term
| action of drugs that affect cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
| bacteria are surrounded by a rigid wall called the beta lactam ring; drugs penetrate the cell wall to bind to molecular targets (so these drugs are AKA beta lactam drugs and are used on gram + bacteria) |
|
|
Term
| what drugs affect cell wall synthesis |
|
Definition
| penicillins,aminopenicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenemas, and vancomycin |
|
|
Term
| drug prototype for penicillins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| properties of penicillin G |
|
Definition
| not as effective in oral form because it is destroyed by gastric acid; iv injections are very painful |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of penicillin G |
|
Definition
| gram + infections; pharyngitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia, scarlet fever, neurosyphyllis, diptheria, prophylaxis against bacterial endocarditis, congenital heart disease, recurrent rheumatic fever |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
n/v, diarrhea
A MAJOR INTERACTION is anticoags because it can cause increased bleeding, oral contraceptives because it decreases the effectiveness of the contraceptive, and allergies (pcn, imipenem, and cephalosporins) |
|
|
Term
| prototype for aminopenicillins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| beta-lactamase inhibitors (inhibits beta lactamase); treats gram (-) bacteria |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of ampicillin |
|
Definition
H. influenza, e. coli, salmonella, shigella, pediatric resp. and skin infections (otitis media, tonsillitis, pneumonia)
NOT USED FOR GONORRHEA OR CHILDHOOD MENINGITIS BECAUSE OF RESISTANCE |
|
|
Term
| prototype for cephalosporins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| similar in structure to pcn; also has beta-lactam structure |
|
|
Term
| how many generations of cephalosporins |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what distiguishes the differences in generations |
|
Definition
| activity on gram (-) bacteria, resistance to beta-lactamase, CSF distribution |
|
|
Term
| what are the properties of the 1st generation |
|
Definition
| least effective on gram (-) bacteria; least resistant to beta lactamase; poor CSF distribution |
|
|
Term
| what are the properties of the 4th generation |
|
Definition
| most effective on gram (-) bacteria; most resistant to beta lactamase; best CSF distribution |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of cephazolin |
|
Definition
| UTI caused by e. coli; surgical wounds (prophylaxis against infection); endocarditis, abdominal and pelvic infections; skin, joint, billiary, genital infections; septicemia |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of cephazolin |
|
Definition
| GI distress, CNS symptoms ( lethargy, dizziness, HA, parasthesia), hypersensitivity, pseudomembranous colitis (caused by C-Diff) |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions of cephazolins |
|
Definition
aminoglycosides (increases nephrotoxicity risk); uricosuric drugs (decreases excretion of cephazolin and risk for toxicity); alcohol (flushingm throbbing in head ot neck, confusion)
CONTRAINDICATED TO PCN ALLERGY; TAKE WITH FOOD OR FLUIDS TO DECREASE GI DISTRESS |
|
|
Term
| prototype for carbapenems |
|
Definition
| imipenem-cilastatin (primaxin) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| broad spectrum alternative to pcn; active against gram (+) and gram (-) cocci and bacilli; very resistant to beta lactamase |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of primaxin |
|
Definition
| mixed aerobic and anaerobic infections; some strains of MRSA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| head injuries, brain lesions, seizures, severe hypersensitivity reaction (allergy to pcn and cephalosporins) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is vancomycin used for |
|
Definition
treatment for severe infection, MRSA, pcn sensitive people
ORAL FORM IS USED FOR ANTBX INDUCED PSEUDOCOLITIS |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for vanc |
|
Definition
| severe infections, MRSA, gram (+) infections, septicemia, endocarditis, bone/joint infections |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ototoxicity, nephrotoxicity, red man syndrome (if given too fast) |
|
|
Term
| nursing indications for vanc |
|
Definition
| administer slowly ( over 60 min); monitor peak (after dose) and trough (before dose) |
|
|
Term
| describe the action of antobiotics that affect the protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| induce formation of defective protein molecule |
|
|
Term
| drugs that affect bacterial protein synthesis |
|
Definition
| aminoglycosides, lincosamides, macrolides, tetracyclines |
|
|
Term
| prototype for aminiglycosides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for gent |
|
Definition
| gram (-) bacteria; treats pseudomonas, e. coli, kiebsiella, proteus; treats serious life threatening conditions like sepsis; given before GI surgeries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gi distress, nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade |
|
|
Term
| nursing implications for gent |
|
Definition
| monitor peak and trough levels ( has a narrow therapeutic range) |
|
|
Term
| prototype for lincosamides |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for clindamycin |
|
Definition
| serious infections (streptococci, pneumococci, staphlococci); osteomyelitis; abdominal infections; acne vulgaris; bacterial vaginosa |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of clindamycin |
|
Definition
| pseudomembranous colitis and GI distress |
|
|
Term
| drug interactions for clindamycin |
|
Definition
| nondepolarizing muscle relaxants ( increases action of muscle relaxant; increase neuromuscular blockade which results in resp. depression and extended paralysis) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what macrolides are used for |
|
Definition
| broad spectrum antibiotics; bacteriostatic effect in low doses and bactericidal effect in high doses' most effective in gram (+) cocci |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of erythomycin |
|
Definition
| legionnaires disease; pcn-sensitivity; mycoplasma pneumonia; acute diptheria; chlamdia; bowel prep; prevent whooping cough (lowers infectivity not alter course of disease); prevents gonorrheal eye infections in newborns |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of erythromycin |
|
Definition
| GI distress; suprainfections; phlebitis (d/t burning and irritation at iv site); hepatotoxicity (usually reversible); ototoxicity; prolonged QT interval (increased risk for ventricular dysrhythmias); fatty liver (rare) |
|
|
Term
| nursing considerations for erythromycin |
|
Definition
| take on empty stomach (1 hour before or 2 hours after eating); do not give IM (too painful); slow iv administration; hydration of 2000-2400 ml/day |
|
|
Term
| drugs in the tetracycline class |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are tetracyclines effective against |
|
Definition
| gram (-) and gram (+) bacteria |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| acne; lyme disease; endocervical infections; H.pylori; rickettsal infection (ex. Rocky mountain spotted fever) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| GI distress; photosensitivity; damage and discoloration of teeth (in 2nd trimester of pregnancy and children <8 yrs old); azotemia |
|
|
Term
| Nursing considerations for tetracyclines |
|
Definition
| contraindicated in 2nd trimester of pregnancy and children <8 yrs old; culture and sensitivity to prevent cross sensitivity; decomposes with age (break down components are toxic); do not store in heat or light |
|
|
Term
| drugs that inhibit synthesis of essential metabolites |
|
Definition
| fluoroquinolones; sulfonamides |
|
|
Term
| prototypes for fluoroquinolones |
|
Definition
| ciprofloxacin and levoflaxacin |
|
|
Term
| the action of fluoroquinolones |
|
Definition
| interrupt DNA synthesis during bacterial replication ( rapid acting bactericidal) |
|
|
Term
| uncommon serious adverse effects of fluoroquinolones |
|
Definition
| cartilage toxicity (especially in childre <18 yrs old); GI toxicity (c-diff); cardiotoxicity (fatal dysrhythmias); CNS toxicity (seizures, hallucinations, increased ICP, confusion, toxic psychosis); photosenitivity; hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for cipro |
|
Definition
| most gram (-) and gram (+) bacteria; bone and joint infections; intra-abdominal infections; resp. infections; sexually transmitted diseases; urinary tract infections; bacterial conjuctivitis; anthrax |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects for cipro |
|
Definition
| achilles tendon rupture; arthropathy |
|
|
Term
| nursing implications for cipro |
|
Definition
| avoid caffeine; avoid sunlight; avoid tasks requiring alertness; antacids, iron, calcium, zinc, magnesium sulfate decrease absorption of drug |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for levaquin |
|
Definition
| pneumococci and atypical resp. infections; community acquired pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| prototype for sulfonamides |
|
Definition
| sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (bactrim) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| decrease bacterial folic acid synthesis (bactericidal) |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications bactrim |
|
Definition
| infections caused by h.influenza and streptococcus pneumonia; pneumocystis carnii (associated with HIV/AIDS); urinary tractinfections; GI infections (caused by shigella and salmonella); otitis media; STDs; burn wound infections (ex. silvadene used topically) |
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of bactrim |
|
Definition
| GI distress; hemolytic and aplastic anemia; skin sensitivity; photosensitivity; crystalluria (poor solubility in water) |
|
|
Term
| contraindications of bactrim |
|
Definition
| late pregnancy; lactation; children under 2 months (kernicterus); hx of sulfa allergy |
|
|
Term
| nursing implications of bactrim |
|
Definition
| increase fluid intake(1.5L/day to prevent crystaluria); rust/brown discoloration of urine; monitor blood sugar (pts on sulfonyureas may experience low BS); avoid use with oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| key points for macrodantin |
|
Definition
| used for gram (-) and (+) organisms; bacteriostatic and bactericidal |
|
|
Term
| is macrodantin safe in pregnancy |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what color will macrodantin turn urine |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| patient teaching for macrodanin |
|
Definition
| may turn urine rust brown or yellow; notify physician of fever/chills, cough, and chest pain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| formsformaldehyde (keeps the urine acidic); used to treat gram (-) and (+) organisms |
|
|
Term
| is urised used in the treatment of UTI |
|
Definition
| No; itis used to prevent reccurence for a pt who has chronic UTIs |
|
|
Term
| what condition is caused when sulfonamides are given with urised |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| is pyridium an antibiotic |
|
Definition
| no: it is an anesthetic (anesthetizes mucosa of ureters and bladder) |
|
|
Term
| what is the onset of pyridium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| adverse effects of pyridium |
|
Definition
| abdominal distress; hemolytic anemia; nephrotoxicity; hepatotoxicity |
|
|
Term
| what effect does ditropan produce |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| antispasmodic of the smooth muscle of the bladder (helps with incontinence by reduces frequency of bladder contractions) |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications of ditropan |
|
Definition
| control oncontinence with neurogenic bladder |
|
|
Term
| urecholine stimulates what to promote what |
|
Definition
| stimulates the parasympathetic nerve to promote urination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| causes contraction of detrussor muscle resulting in urination |
|
|
Term
| clinical indications for urecholine |
|
Definition
| non-obstructive urinary retention |
|
|
