Term
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Definition
| chemical substance that inhibits bacteria & other microbes, stains pink |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance produced by a microbe, which has capacity to inhibit selectively or even destroy bacteria & other microbes through an antimetabolic mechanism |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical substance which when applied to living tissue, destroys or inhibits the growth of microbes primarily pathogenic microbe |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of antimicrobial agent to KILL bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| ability of antimicrobial agent to inhibit growth &/or reproduction of bacteria; endogenous immune system must eradicate organism |
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Term
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Definition
| endogenous bacterial enzymes that deactivate geta-lactam antibiotics |
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Term
| Narrow-Sprectrum Antibiotics |
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Definition
| act on single or limited group of organisms |
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Term
| Extended-Spectrum Antibiotics |
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Definition
| effective against gm+ and gm- organisms |
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Term
| Broad-Spectrum Antibiotics |
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Definition
| effective against gm+, gm-, and other organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| capsule, cell wall (peptidoglycan nag-nam), plasma(cell) membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| thick cell wall, stain purple |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin cell wall, have lipid A FA outer membrane, better barrier against antibiotics, harder to treat |
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Term
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Definition
| usually in the gut, gram +, gram -, |
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Term
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Definition
| dont act like gram + or -, ex: chlamydia, mycoplasm, mycobacterium |
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Term
| Selective Bacterial Targets |
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Definition
1. cell wall - humans dont have
2. DNA gyrase - humans have different type enzyme
3. Ribosomes - humans are different size
4. Plasma Cell membrane
5. Folic Acid Synthesis |
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Term
| Complications of antibiotic Therapy |
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Definition
1. Hypersensitivity
2. direct organ toxicity to host
3. Alteration of normal GI flora |
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Term
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Definition
ability of microorgansim to prevent or avoid action of antimicroial agent
Cross resistance |
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Term
| DI: ASA and Wafarin-Coumadin |
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Definition
Inc wafarin blood levels
MOA; protein binding displacement |
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Term
| DI: Azole Antifunglas (ketoconazole-nizoral) and CCB (Benzodiazepine) |
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Definition
Inc CCB blood levels, Inc Benzodiazepine blood levels
MOA: CYP3A4 inhibitor |
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Term
| DI: Broad Spectrum Antibiotics and OCP |
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Definition
Decrease Estrogen and Progestin blood levels
MOA: dec bacterial hydrolysis of hormones therefore dec absorption |
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Term
| DI: CAI and Lithium-Eskalith |
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Definition
| Increase excretion of lithium |
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Term
| DI: Clarithromycin,Erythromycin and HMG CoA Reductase Inhibitor |
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Definition
Dec Statin Metabolism
MOA: CYP3A4 substrates |
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Term
| DI: Erythromycin and THeophylline |
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Definition
Inc Theophylline blood levels
MOA: dec theophylline metabolism |
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Term
| DI: Ketoralac and ASA/other NSAIDS/Probencid |
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Definition
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Term
| DI: NSAID and ACE inhibitors |
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Definition
dec antihypertensive effect of ACEI
MOA:inc constriction of afferent arteriole in nephron |
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Term
| DI: NSAID and Beta Adrenergic antagonist |
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Definition
| dec antihypertensive efffect of beta blocker |
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Term
| DI: NSAIDS and Furisemide-Lasix |
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Definition
| dec pharmacologic effect of furosemide |
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Term
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Definition
Inc Phenytoin plasma levels
MOA: dec phenytoin metabolism |
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Term
| Quinolones and Antacids/Iron |
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Definition
| dec GI absorption of quinolones |
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Term
| DI: Quinolones and Theophylline |
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Definition
dec pharmacologic effect of theophylline
MOA: dec thephylline metabolism |
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Term
| DI: Sulfamethoxazole/PNC/Cehpalosporins and WAfarin-Coumadin |
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Definition
inc wafarin blood levels
MOA: displace plasma protein binding, removing vit K producing bacteria from gut |
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Term
| DI: Tetracycline and Antacids/Iron/Digoxin-lanoxin |
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Definition
dec GI absorption of tetracycline, Inc digoxin blood levels
MOA: dec digoxin metabolism |
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Term
| PNC and Cephalosporin MOA |
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Definition
1. inactivate PBP (PBP involve in synthesis of cell membrane)
2. Inhibit bacterial Cell WAll Synthesis - inhibit TRANSPEPTIDATION by PBP, (PEP cross linking), bacterial lysis by intracellular build up of osmotic pressure cell lysis
Bactericidal action: polymerization, nag-nam formation |
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Term
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Definition
more respiratory
nosocomial infections often spread among health care workers
REsistant to most PNC, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, and macrolides
Vancomycin restance happening - VRSA
Linezolid-zyvox reserved for resistant strains |
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Term
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Definition
skin infections-pimple and boils
can be big problems with diabetic foot infections and insect bites
resistance is increasing |
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Term
| ADR/Toxicity/CI of PNC and Cephalosporins |
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Definition
Hypersensitivity - PNS(2-5%), ceph(1-2%)
Immediate: <72 hrs, uticaria, laryngeal edema, bronchospasm, hypotension, anaphylaxis
Late: >72hrs diffuse maculopathy rash, serum sickness, drug fever
Cross rxn w/ other B lactam antibiotics: occurs 5-15%, |
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Term
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Definition
Natural and Semi-Synthetic PNCs (oral)
Gr + and Gr -
resetance is there
gets destroyed by Beta lactamases easily |
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Term
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Definition
Natural and Semi-Synthetic PNCs (oral)
gr + and Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Penicillinase Resistant PNCs (oral)
Gram +
Internal Hordeolum |
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Term
| Amoxicillin/Clavulanic Acid-Augmentin |
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Definition
PNC + Beta Lactamase Inhibitor combo (oral)
Preceptal Cellulitis
Gr + and Gr -
ADR: >10% diarrhea |
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Term
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Definition
Anti-Psuedomonal PNC (IV)
IND: corneal ulcers due to psudomonas
Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporins - 1st Generation (oral)
Internal Hordeolum
Gr+ > Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporins - 1st Generation (oral)
Internal Hordeolum
Gr+ > Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-2nd Generation (oral)
Gr- > Gr+
ADR: <1% Serum Sickness |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-2nd Generation (oral)
Gr- > Gr+ |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-2nd Generation (IV)
Gr- > Gr+ |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-3rd Generation (oral)
Orbital Cellulitis
GR- >>>Gr+ |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-3rd Generation (oral)
Orbital Cellulitis
GR- >>>Gr+ |
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Term
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Definition
Cephalosporin-3rd Generation (IV)
Orbital Cellulitis
GR- >>>Gr+ |
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Term
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Definition
Oral and IV acts on cell wall but NOT beta lactam antibiotic
MOA: Inhibits Polymerization of Nag-Nam by Blocking Transglycosidase
Gr + ONLY
MRSA, has use in resistance bacteria but resistence is growing! |
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Term
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Definition
Ocular Ointment: bacitracin; bacitracin+Polymyxin B-Polysporin
Dermatologic ointment: Bacitracin; bacitracin+Neomycin+polymyxin-Cortisporin
act on cell wall but NOT a beta lactam antibiotic
Inhibits Polymerization of Nag-Nam by Blocking Bactoprenol
Gram + ONLY
ADR: topical admin-nephrotoxicity |
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Term
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Definition
Ocular ointment: bacitracin+polymyxin B-Polysporin
Dermatologic ointment: bacitracin+Neomycin+polymyxin-Cortisporin
Act on cell wall but NOT beta lactam antibiotic
MOA: CAtionic detergent that interrupt lipopolysaccharides in outer cell membrane, INCREASES cell wall permeability due to inc osmotic pressure inside bacteria
GR-, including psuedomonas |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor-tetracycline
Blepharitis, Meibomian Gland Infections, Acne Rosacae
MOA: binds irreversibly to 30s subunit of Bact, blocks AA-tRNA docking to mRNA-ribosome complexat the A (acceptor) site
GR+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: CI in prego, breast feed, kids-fetal bone and teeth problems, tooth discoloration
CI in REnal failure
Avoid cations-milk, ca2+, antacids
photoxicity: severe sunburn
Rare-psuedotumor cerebri
DI: OCP, pregnancy can develop |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor-Tetracycline
Blepharitis, Meibomian Gland Infections, Acne Rosacae
MOA: binds irreversibly to 30s subunit of Bact, blocks AA-tRNA docking to mRNA-ribosome complexat the A (acceptor) site
GR+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: CI in prego, breast feed, kids-fetal bone and teeth problems, tooth discoloration
CI in REnal failure
Avoid cations-milk, ca2+, antacids (less severe)
photoxicity: severe sunburn
Rare-psuedotumor cerebri
DI: OCP, pregnancy can develop |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhibitor-Tetracycline
Blepharitis, Meibomian Gland Infections, Acne Rosacae
MOA: binds irreversibly to 30s subunit of Bact, blocks AA-tRNA docking to mRNA-ribosome complexat the A (acceptor) site
GR+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: CI in prego, breast feed, kids-fetal bone and teeth problems, tooth discoloration
CI in REnal failure
Avoid cations-milk, ca2+, antacids (less severe)
photoxicity: severe sunburn
Rare-psuedotumor cerebri
DI: OCP, pregnancy can develop |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhig-Aminoglycoside(IV)
MOA: bind to 30s subunit of bact altering triplet codon of mRNA causing the wrong AA-tRNA insertion
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: Nephrotoxicity (10-15%, maybe reversible)
ototoxicity (1-5%, maybe reversible)
Ocular: epi breakdown, weepy erethema, and edema or eyelids
Systemic gentamycin, psuedotumor cerebri w/ secondary papilledema |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Aminoglycoside(IV)
MOA: bind to 30s subunit of bact altering triplet codon of mRNA causing the wrong AA-tRNA insertion
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: Nephrotoxicity (10-15%, maybe reversible)
ototoxicity (1-5%, maybe reversible)
Ocular: epi breakdown, weepy erethema, and edema or eyelids
Systemic gentamycin, psuedotumor cerebri w/ secondary papilledema |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Aminoglycoside(IV)
MOA: bind to 30s subunit of bact altering triplet codon of mRNA causing the wrong AA-tRNA insertion
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: Nephrotoxicity (10-15%, maybe reversible)
ototoxicity (1-5%, maybe reversible)
Ocular: epi breakdown, weepy erethema, and edema or eyelids
Systemic gentamycin, psuedotumor cerebri w/ secondary papilledema |
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Term
| Neomycin/Polymyxin B/bacitracin-Neosporin |
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Definition
Topical Ointment
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Aminoglycoside
MOA: bind to 30s subunit of bact altering triplet codon of mRNA causing the wrong AA-tRNA insertion
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR/Toxic/CI: only with IV |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
Longer T1/2, less pills, inc compliance
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
Longer T1/2, less pills, inc compliance
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
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Definition
Protein Synthesis Inhib-Macrolide
Longer T1/2, less pills, inc compliance
MOA: binds to 50s subunit of bact ribosome, inhibits TRanslocation (transfer from A to P site) of protein synthesis; inhibits peptide bond formation and peptidyl transferase
Gr+ and Gr-
ADR: Gi distress (erythromycin>clarithromycin>azithromycin) |
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Term
| Fluroquinolone Antibiotics-"Quinolones" |
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Definition
MOA: Inhibit replication of bact DNA, interfere w/ topisomerase II and IV during cell division, binds to both DNA gyrase and bact DNA to from complex that inhibits resealing step, bacterial DNA cleaves apart!
Topo II- Gr +
Topo IV- Gr-
Mammals dont have topo II
Overall DI:cations (dec effectiveness)
CI: nursing moms and kids under 18; articular erosion, tendon rupture, CT toxicity
Caution in pregnancy |
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Term
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Definition
Quinolones-2nd generation, oral
prophylaxis and tx of anthrax
Gr- >> Gr+
also for atypical organisms, mycoplasm and chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
Quinolones-2nd generation, oral
Gr- >> Gr+
also for atypical organisms, mycoplasm and chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
Quinolones-3rd Generation
Gr+ and Gr-
also for atypical organisms, mycoplasm and chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
Quinolones-3rd Generation
Gr+ and Gr-
also for atypical organisms, mycoplasm and chlamydia |
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Term
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Definition
MOA: sulfonamides are analogs of PABA and bind w/ dihydropteroate (only on bact) synthetase and inactivates it, dec folic acid
Trimethoprim inhib dihydrofolate reductase, dec production of tetrahydrofolate acid(both human and bact, more toxic)
Bacteriostatic
ADR/Toxic/CI: Crytalluria (need to dirnk lots of water w drug); Hypersensitivity (SJS); neonatal kernicterus(dont use in 3rd trimester, excess bilirubin crosses BBB); Myopia w/ systemic sulfonamides (reversible) |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfonamide-folic acid antagonist
Oral |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfonamide-folic acid antagonist
Oral |
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Term
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Definition
Sulfonamide-folic acid antagonist
Oral |
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Term
| Sulamethoxazole-Trimethoprim (SMZ-TMP)-Bactrim DS |
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Definition
Folic Acid Antagonist-oral and IV
Lower dose of trimethoprim
Gr+ and Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Folic Acid Antagonist-oral and IV
Lower dose of trimethoprim
Gr+ and Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
MOA: toxic to bact DNa and RNA
Dont take w/ alcohol
spectrum: anaerobes and protozoa |
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Term
| Nitrofurantoin-Macrodantin |
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Definition
Tx UTI's
MOA: Inhibits acetyl CoA, interferes w/ bact carbohydrate metabolism
some action to inhibit cell wall sythesis
Gr + and Gr- |
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Term
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Definition
Tx UTI's
MOA: Inhibits acetyl CoA, interferes w/ bact carbohydrate metabolism
some action to inhibit cell wall sythesis
Gr + and Gr- |
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Term
| SJS-Stevens Johnson Syndrome |
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Definition
autoimmune rxn producing mucosal lesions and mult blisters (>10% body surface)
usu 1-3 wks after drug initiated
preceded by fever, sore throat, chills
Corneal Acarring!, blindness 7-10%
Toxic Epidermal NEcrosis(TEN), worst case, 40% fatality |
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Term
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Definition
13M in US latently affected; 15-10K active
S/S: wweight loss, malaise, fever, night sweats, productive cough, chest pain, cough up blood
Mycobacterium
Transmissible by respiratory
in latency bacteria are in granulomas or macs
TX: resistence emerging quickly, Tx active w/ Mult drugs for long periods of time
Tx Latent for months to years |
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Term
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Definition
Binds to and Inhibits production of MYCOLIC ACIDS
Use: Mycobacteria, TB |
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Term
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Definition
Inhibits ARABINOGALACTAN so cell wall(outer membrane) does NOT form
Use: mycobacteria, TB
ADR: retrobulbar optic neuritis w/ blur, RG color blindness |
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Term
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Definition
never used alone
Inhibits RNA Synthesis, blocks transcription by inhibiting DNA dependent RNA Polymerase
Blocks action of beta subunit
USE: mycobacteria, TB and Gr+ and Gr-(not first line)
ADR: red orange discloration of urine, feces, sweat, tears(colors CL) |
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Term
| Antiviral Agents(NONretroviral) info |
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Definition
1. Viruses are Intracellular parasites (DNA or RNA enclosed by protein coat)
2. viral enzymes shut down host enzymes
3. ideally attack viral specific enzymes only |
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Term
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Definition
Viral RNA encoded viruses!
Influenza A and B
antivirals must be administered early to be effective, but even then only dec symptoms by 2 days! |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibits Viral uncoating, ihibits viral ion channel once its inside host cell by inhib viral M2 protein |
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Term
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Definition
Neuraminidase Inhibitors
Prevents the release(budding) of new virions from the cell into the blood stream, therefore dec the virus |
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Term
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Definition
Viral DNA Synthesis inhibitor
MOA in herpes: agent is phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and compete w/ GTP for viral DNA polymerase, the defective nucleotide is incorp into viral DNA and causes premature DNA chain termination
MOA in CMV: defective nucleotide by different path, suicude inactivation of DNA polymerase, same effect |
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Term
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Definition
Viral DNA Synthesis inhibitor
MOA in herpes: agent is phosphorylated by viral thymidine kinase and compete w/ GTP for viral DNA polymerase, the defective nucleotide is incorp into viral DNA and causes premature DNA chain termination
MOA in CMV: defective nucleotide by different path, suicude inactivation of DNA polymerase, same effect |
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