Term
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Definition
| any medical or public health procedure whose purpose is to prevent, rather than treat or cure, a disease or other medical issue |
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Term
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Definition
| the area of pharmacology concerned with the undesirable effects of chemicals and biologicals on cellular function |
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Term
| what is pharmacokinetics? |
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Definition
| the effects of the body on drugs (absorption, distribution, excretion) |
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Term
| what is pharmacodynamics? |
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Definition
| the action of drugs on the body such as the mechanism of action and therapeutic and toxic effects |
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Term
| What does Fick's law of diffusion predict? |
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Definition
| the rate of movement of molecules across a barrier |
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Term
| What variables do you need for Fick's equation to predict the rate of diffusion? |
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Definition
| concentration gradient, permeability coefficient for the drug, and thickness of the barrier |
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Term
| How can you predict the ionization of a drug with pK and pH? |
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Definition
Henderson-Hasselbalch equation
pH = pKa + log([A-]/[HA])
pH = pKa + log([B]/[BH+]) |
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Term
| What is the volume of distribution or the apparent volume of distribution? |
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Definition
| the theoretical volume that a drug would have to occupy (if it were uniformly distributed) to provide the same concentration as it currently is in the blood plasma |
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Term
| What characteristics of a drug give it a higher volume of distribution? |
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Definition
non-polar
low rates of ionization
low plasma binding capabilities |
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Term
| What would renal failure do to volume of distribution? |
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Definition
| it would increase VD due to fluid retention |
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Term
| What would dehydration do to VD? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is first order elimination? |
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Definition
| when the rate of elimination is proportional to the concentration |
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Term
| what is zero order elimination? |
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Definition
| when the rate of elimination is constant regardless of the concentration |
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Term
| what are the two phases of drug metabolism? |
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Definition
| distribution (alpha) and elimination (beta) |
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Term
| what does the linear portion of the distribution and elimination phase graph represent? |
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Definition
| elimination phase (remember it is linear on a logarithmic scale) |
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Term
| Where are Type I receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Type II receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are Type III receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors do steroid hormones act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors do Ach and NE act on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors do anticancer drugs work on? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the chain of events following a drug-receptor interaction starting with Ach+receptor? |
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Definition
| Ach+receptor --> Na+ influx --> action potential --> increased free Ca++ --> contraction |
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Term
| what 3 types of drugs are exceptions to drug actions mediated by specific receptors? |
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Definition
-volatile anesthetics
-metal chelating agents
-osmotic diuretics |
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Term
| What is another name for pharmacodynamic tolerance or desensitization of receptors? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors are downregulated after repeated administration of catecholamines? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is another name for pharmacodynamic sensitization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of receptors are upregulated after repeated administration of thyroid hormone? |
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Definition
| beta-receptors in myocardium |
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Term
| What disease results from antibodies to Ach receptors in motor end-plates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens to receptors in Familial hypercholesterolemia? |
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Definition
| decreased number of receptors for plasma LDL |
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Term
| Which type of antagonism is reversible: competitive or non-competitive? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does competitive antagonism induce a biological response? |
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Definition
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Term
| When DFP combines with AchE, preventing Ach from binding AchE, is that competitive or non-competitive antagonism? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does chemical equivalence of generic and trade name drugs mean? |
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Definition
| they have the same amount of drug per tablet |
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Term
| What does biological equivalence of generic and trade name drugs mean? |
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Definition
| they have similar pharmacokinetics involving bioavailability |
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Term
| What does therapeutic equivalence of generic and trade name drugs mean? |
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Definition
| they have similar clinical responses that will provide the same efficacy and toxicity |
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Term
| What is Phase I of drug testing? |
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Definition
| 10 normal volunteers receive small does and are observed for efficacy and safety |
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Term
| What is Phase II of drug testing? |
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Definition
| a small group of pts with disease are observed for efficacy and safety |
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Term
| What is Phase III of drug testing? |
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Definition
| large-scale clinical trials in pts with disease are observed for best dosage for treatment of disease |
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Term
| What is the NDA and who approves it? |
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Definition
| New Drug Application -- the FDA must approve before it goes on the market |
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