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| what the body does to the drug; includes absorption, distribution, biotransformations (metabolism), and excretion |
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| what the drug does to the body; includes receptor binding, signal transduction, and physiological effect |
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| broad; variations in whole-genome maps involving an entire population |
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| narrow; variations related to drug actions |
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| use of drugs in the treatment of disease |
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| gene therapy, use of specific antibodies and strategies for targeted drug delivery |
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| safety of drugs; characterization of adverse effects |
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| 5th leading cause of mortality of inpatients in USA |
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| study of the adverse effects that result from interactions between toxic agents and biological systems |
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| preparation, storage, dispensing, and proper use of drug products |
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| study of drugs isolated from natural sources |
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| organic chemistry that specializes in the design and chemical synthesis of drugs |
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| concerned with the formulation and chemical properties of drugs, such as tablets, liquid solutions and suspensions, and aerosols |
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| any substance considered a food or part of a food, including nutritional supplements |
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| non-nutrient compounds in plant-derived foods that have biological activity in the body |
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| contain physiologically active compounds that provide health benefits beyond their nutrient contributions |
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| integration of clinical expertise, patient values, and the best research evidence into the decision making process for patient care |
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| disease-oriented evidence |
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Definition
| outcomes of studies that measure physiologic or surrogate markers of health (lab results) |
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| patient-oriented evidence |
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| outcomes of studies that measure things a patient would care about, such as symptoms, morbidity, quality of life, cost, etc |
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| produces the most rapid absorption of drugs because of the great area of the absorptive surface and the close proximity to the blood |
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| conveneint, relatively safe, and economical. cannot be used for drugs that are inactivated by gastric acid, those with a large first pass effect or those that irritate the gut |
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| suitable for suspensions and oily vehicles, absorption is rapid from solutions and is slow and sustained from suspensions. may be painful |
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Definition
| suitable for suspensions and pellets. absorption is slower. cannot be used for drugs that irritate cutaneous tissues or those that must be given in large volumes |
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Definition
| bypasses absorption to give immediate effect. allows rapid titration of dosage. 100% bioavailability. more risks for toxicity and tends to be expensive |
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| concerned with the relationship between the dose of a drug and the concentration of that drug in body fluids and tissues over time. determined by absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion |
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| passage of a drug from its site (route)of administration into the systemic circulation |
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| fraction of administered drug that reaches systemic circulation. determined by comparing plasma levels of a drug after a particular route of administration with plasma levels achieved after IV injection |
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| process by which a drug reversibly leaves the bloodstream and enters the interstitium (extracellular fluid) and/or the cells of the tissues |
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| the volume of fluid in which a drug would need to be dissolved to have the same concentration in that volume as it does it plasma |
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| Biotransformation/Metabolism |
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| the enzyme-catalyzed conversion of drugs to their metabolites. the process by which biochemical reactions alter drugs within the body |
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Definition
| drug effects diminish with time. homologuous - only one type of receptor is affected. heterologous - multiple receptor types affected, possibly due to converging second messenger systems |
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Definition
| receptor loses ability to respond to stimulation. Example - beta adrenergic receptor is phosphorylated and inactivated after repeated stimulation |
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| decrease in the number of receptors, increase in degradation rate, decrease in synthesis. |
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| after a receptor is stimulated, a period of time is required before the next interaction can produce an effect. Example - voltage-gated Na+ channels in neurons |
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| an agent that binds to a receptor and elicits a response. magnitude of effect depends on concentration |
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| a molecule that inhibits the action of an agonist. no effect in the absence of agonist |
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| inhibits the ability of an agonist to elicit a response, but does not bind to active site. may inhibit a downstream second messenger. may inhibit agonist directly (Ab). may activate a pathway that opposes that of the agonist. |
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| binds to the active site or an allosteric site on the receptor. reversible or irreversible |
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| modifies or sequesters agonist so it cannot bind its receptor |
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| initiates a response that opposes a particular agonist |
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| binds to a receptor at the active site but produces only a partial response. in the presence of a full agonist, it reduces the maximum response. Example - pindolol |
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| all receptors have a basal firing rate even in the absence of agonist. these inhibit the basal firing rate. work in the absence of endogenous agonists. |
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