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Definition
| -semi-sold preparation in a o/w emulsion of other water washable base |
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Term
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Definition
| greasy semi-solid preparations often anhydrous containing dissolved or dispersed drug |
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Definition
| -2 component semi-solid systems rich in liquid containing a continuous structure providing solid-like properties |
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| most semi-solid preparations are intended for |
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Term
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Definition
-emollient (moisturizer)
-protectant
-lubricating |
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Term
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Definition
-most used for localized effect
-drug penetrates INTO skin or mucous
-skin is target organ
-little systemic effect (concerns only during pregnancy) |
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Definition
-intended for systemic delivery
-drug penetrates THROUGH skin
-skin is BARRIER not TARGET |
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Term
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Definition
-thick emulsions
-o/w-rub into skin (vanishing cream)
-w/o-emollient and cleansing (water evaporates)
-used topically,rectally,vaginally
-patience preference (spreadability,washability,w/o emulsion over ointment) |
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Definition
-greasy appearance and feel
-can be medicated or not medicated
-used externally for skin or mucous membranes
-5 different base types |
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Definition
-hydrocarbon (oleaginous bases)
-absorption
-w/o
-o/w (water removable)
-water-soluble |
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Term
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Definition
-oleaginous
-emollient effect
-prevent loss of moisture
-difficult to wash off
-used in occlusive dressings (air and water tight) |
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Term
| *hydrocarbon bases examples |
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Definition
-petrolatum
-yellow ointment (yellow wax and petrolatum)
-white ointment |
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Term
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Definition
-permits aqueous media to be absorbed forming w/o *emulsion
-used as emollient
-oleaginous, not easily water washable
-useful for adding small amount of aqueous media into a hydrocarbon base
-NOT an emulsion to start with |
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Term
| *absorption bases examples |
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Definition
-hydrophilic petrolatum
-AQUAPHOR
-lanolin (wool from sheep) |
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Term
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Definition
-permits incorporation of additional amount of aqueous media
-used as emollients
-oleaginous, not easily water washable
-*emulsion to START with |
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Term
| *w/o emulsion bases examples |
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Definition
-cold cream
-EUCERIN
-NIVEA |
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Term
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Definition
-water removable bases
-o/w *emulsions resembling creams
-contain emulsifying agents (emulsifying bases)
-easily spreadable, water washable, can add aqueous media
-termed "water washable bases" |
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Term
| *o/w emulsions bases examples |
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Definition
-hydrophilic ointment (prepared by heating oil phase and water phase and combine mixing until it congeals)
-DERMABASE |
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Term
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Definition
-do not contain oleaginous components (greaseless)
-water washable
-do not incorporate large amounts of aqueous media-will soften
-incorporates solid substances |
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| *water-soluble bases examples |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-combine PEG 3350 and PEG 400
-number =MW
-less than 600=colorless
-600-1000=semi-solid
-greater than 1000=white, wax like |
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Term
| selection of appropriate base |
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Definition
-desirability of occlusion of moisture from skin
-stability of drug in base
-desired release rate from base
-desriability for topical or percutaneous absorption
-effect of drug on base consistency
-desire for water-washability |
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Term
| preparation of ointments: incorporation |
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Definition
-mixed until a uniform preparation is formed using a mortar and pestle or ointment slab and spatula
-use stainless steel spatula
-incorporate solid into a small amount of ointment then add additional ointment
-reduce particle size of powder to prevent grittiness
-may dissolve in a solvent |
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Term
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Definition
-used to disperse solid before incorporations
-*for oleaginous-mineral oil, cottonseed oil
-*for aqueous-glycerin, propylene glycol, PEG 400 |
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Definition
| electronic mortar and pestle |
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Term
| prep of ointments incorporation of a liquid |
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Definition
-use appropriate base
-only if base can accept liquid and quantity
-pile ointment and make hole in center to place liquid
-may use small amount of hydrophilic base to incorporate liquid, then add to hydrophobic base
-may add a co-solvent or levigating agents |
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Term
| *preparation of ointments : fusion |
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Definition
-all or most components are melted,combined, and stirred until congealed (may need to head each phase separately)
-heat labile components added to cooling phase
-prepared in beaker or porcelain dish (pharmacy) or stem-jacketed kettle (industry)
-once congealed-pass thought ointment mill, ointment tile until spatula or mortar/pestle |
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Term
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Definition
-semi-solids that generally contain larger proportion of solid material than ointments
-stiffer, higher drug content
-no levigating agent
-stay in place better, absorbs secretions
-ex.zinc oxide paste, toothpase |
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Definition
-solids or semi-solids adhesive masses applied usually to skin
-provides prolonged contact at site
-ex. salicyclic acid plaster for corns |
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Term
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Definition
-semi-solid systems consisting of dispersions of small or large molecules in an aqueous liquid vehicle
-particles form an interlacing network, providing rigidity to the product
-continuous phase is held within the meshes
-very small proportions are needed to form gel structure 1-5%
-can vary in rigidity due to gelling agent and quantity
-are often clear if all additives are soluble in dispersion medium
-jelly- a very thin consistancy |
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Term
| mechanisms for gelling agents |
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Definition
-macromolecule entanglement
-attraction between particles-Van der Waals, hydrogen bonds
-cross-linking of macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
-thermal setting gels
-single-phase gels
-2-phase gels (magma)
-hydrogels
-organogels
-soluble macromolecules |
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Term
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Definition
| -gels that set by a change in heat to form the network or rigidity |
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Term
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Definition
| -soluble macromolecules distributed uniformly throughout media (colloidal dispersion) |
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Term
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Definition
-gel mass consists of floccules or distinct particles
-composed of water insoluble particles that hydrate
-thixotropic suspensions upon standing, liquid after shaking
-ex. milk of magnesia, Al hydroxide gel, bentonite magna |
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Definition
-water as dispersion medium
-highly absorbant |
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Definition
| -organic solvent or oils as dispersion medium |
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| soluble macromolecules (one-phase) |
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Definition
-natural polymers
-semi-synthetic cellulose derivatives
-synthetic polymers |
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Definition
-acacia (arabic gum)
-tragacanth
-xanthan gum
-sodium alginate
-natural gums |
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Term
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Definition
-from stems of acacia tree
-advantages-sugar free, stable over pH range, unafffected by high ion concentrations
-disadvantages-palatablity (taste), promotes microbial growth, difficult to prepare |
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Term
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Definition
-methylcellulose
-HPC
-HEC
-Na CMC
-HPMC |
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Term
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Definition
-methylation of cellulose
-water forms hydrogen bonds with cellulose
-disadvantages-must heat to prepare, difficult dispersion |
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Term
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Definition
| -thermosetting gel-heat then cool |
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Term
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Definition
| increase temp = increase thickness? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
-copolymer of acrylic acid
-most stable, less susceptible to microbial growth
-more solid (thick gels than celluloses)?
-creates low pH solutions
-most use a neutralizer to increase pH-gel?
-used primarily for topical (also approved for internal use)
-thickening agents (0.1%-0.5%)
-gel(0.5%-2%) |
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Term
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Definition
-co-block polymer of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide
-forms clear, rigid gels at 20%
-viscosity based on type and grade
-forms clear, thermoreversibile gels (liquid at cool temp,gel at higher temp)
-ex. methimazole in PLO gel (for cats) |
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Term
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Definition
-consistency from soft jelly to rigid breaking gelatin
-syneresis
-swelling
-imbibition |
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Term
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Definition
| -liquid pressed out from a gel upon standing (bleeding) |
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Term
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Definition
-taking up of a liquid by a gel with an increase in volume
-liquids that solvate a gel |
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Term
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Definition
| -taking up of a liquid WITHOUT an increase in volume |
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Term
| semi solid microbial requirements |
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Definition
-NOT required to be sterile (except opthalmic ointments)
-must contain preservatives
-some microbial limit tests stated by USP
-prevention of contamination (focus on good manufactuing process and environmental controls)
-special preparations may require additional tests (vaginal preps-yeasts,molds) |
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Term
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Definition
-topical-large mouth jars or metal/plastic tubes
-nasal,vaginal,rectal-plastic/metal tubes
-airtight containers
-storage-protection from heat |
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Term
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Definition
-opaque plastic jar
-transfer to jar with spatula
-package at bottom or sides
-no trapped air
-curl on center surface of ointment
-lids or rim should no contain ointment
-nothing on inside cap
-fusion oints can be poured into jars to congeal
-pharmaceutically elegant |
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Term
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Definition
-composed of aluminum or plastic
-may include an applicator with product
-filled from back end, opposite the cap
-automatic filling with spatula
-can use glossy paper as a guide
-plastic tubes have hot sealer
-metal tubes are folded or crimped |
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