Term
|
Definition
carry chol to blood vessels
carry chol to liver for processing, excretion |
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Term
| causes of angina (symptom-wise) |
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Definition
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Term
| diseases which often follow an MI |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
dilation
stimulation of cGMP
acts on ALL BV's |
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Term
|
Definition
postural/orthostatic hypotension
reflex tachycardia
methhemaglobinema |
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Term
| nitrate drugs taken PO... |
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Definition
isorbide
arrhtyl dinitrate
(not used in attacks..) |
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Term
| 3 non-selective beta blockers |
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Definition
|
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Term
| 3 selective beta blockers |
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Definition
atenolol
metoprolol
acetbutolol |
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Term
| calcium channel blockers, which do NOT act on heart |
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Definition
-pine drugs
nifedipine
amlodapine
felodipine |
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Term
| ADR of calcium channel blockers |
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Definition
gingival hyerplasia
postural hypo |
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Term
| calcium channel blockers acting directly on heart |
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Definition
verapimil
diltiazam
(vasodilate but ALSO decrease contraction force, and heart rate) |
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Term
|
Definition
block the action of PDE5
..which would normally inactivate cGMP |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| action of digitalis glycosides |
|
Definition
block Na/K pump (NCX pump)
increase Ca and Na in cell
increase contraction force
parasymp-mimetic |
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Term
|
Definition
vent. arrhhytmia
from loss of K+ ions |
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|
Term
drugs class which will lower the amount of digitoxin
drug class which will raise amounts |
|
Definition
barbituates lowers
erythro increases |
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Term
| combination alpha and beta blockers |
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Definition
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|
Term
| potassium channel blockers |
|
Definition
diazoxide
minoxidil (also used as rogaine
-drugs will cause vasodilation |
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|
Term
| non-selective beta blocker plus local ansethetic... |
|
Definition
| unopposed alpha vasoconstriction with a blocked (b2) vasodilation...increase in BP |
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Term
|
Definition
enalapril
lismopril
captopril |
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Term
|
Definition
blocks conversion of angiotensin to II
angiotensin II would inc. HR, vasoconstrict, ald release(which would retain water/Na)
ALSO, keep bradykinin active which vasodilates |
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|
Term
|
Definition
angioedema, excess bradykinin causes this
dry unproductive cough |
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Term
| treatment of arrhytmia... |
|
Definition
beta blockers
calcium blockers
phenytoin(dilantin)- an antepileptic drugs
sodium blockers |
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|
Term
| how is aspirin used in prevention of MI |
|
Definition
| disrupts platelet aggregation which would lead to thrombi |
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|
Term
cox 1 associated with....
cox 2... |
|
Definition
cox 1- platlet activity
cox 2- endothelial cells |
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Term
| action of low-dose aspirin |
|
Definition
irreversibly binds cox 1 + 2
BUT, since cox 1 associated with platelets...and they lack nucleus...so much more 'selective' for cox-1 |
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Term
| blood pressure is determined by.. |
|
Definition
PVR X CO
resistance in blood vessels x cardiac outpu |
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|
Term
alpha 2 stimulants
list an ADR |
|
Definition
clonidine AND alpha-methyl dopa...lowers NT release
xerostomia- alph 2 receptors found on salivary glands |
|
|
Term
ganglionic blocking agents (name 2)
used when
how they work |
|
Definition
methamylamine and trimethaphan
ER situations
block post gang impulses on way to heart
block both nicotinic N (parasymp and symp) |
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|
Term
| how does a ganglionic blocking agent work on parasymp and symp pathways |
|
Definition
it will block whichever one dominates that organ
i.e. heart=sympathethic (lower CO +ve)
glands=para (xerostomia, constip...-ve) |
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|
Term
effect of NT depleters
name 2, and how they're different |
|
Definition
lower CO and BP
guanethidine- competes for re-uptake of NE
reserpine- competes within storage vessicles |
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Term
| what is an ADR of reserpine |
|
Definition
it competes for NT within vessicles...
problematic b/c it can cross BBB |
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|
Term
| a kidney-related effect of beta blockers |
|
Definition
decrease in renin release
=less angiotensin pathway
..vasodilation, water/Na loss, lower HR |
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|
Term
| erythromycin or grapefruit juice with a calcium channel blocker... |
|
Definition
| increase in drug level, hypotension a result |
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|
Term
| 4 targets to decrease HTN |
|
Definition
medulla/brain
dilation- open the pipes
decrease cardiac ouput- turn down the faucet
decrease fluid volume |
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|
Term
non selective alpha blockers
how they're used... |
|
Definition
phentolamine, phenoxybenzamine
-pheochromcytoma
but the increase in NE may cause reflex tachy |
|
|
Term
| angiotensin II blocking agents |
|
Definition
-sartan drugs, vasodilation
reduced bradykinin overloads caused by ACEI |
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|
Term
| ADR of NT depleting drugs |
|
Definition
guanethidine, reserpine
upregulation of alpha 1 receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
decrease chol synthesis
increase # of LDL receptors
(also decreases platelt agg, plaque inflamm, and c-reactive proteins) increases SMC NO production |
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|
Term
| statins which are affected by CYP3A4 interactions |
|
Definition
ator-
lova-
simva-
(grapefruit, azole, eryythro, cyclosporins will increase levels) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
other chol drug
increased triglyceride breakdown
increase HDL, decrease LDL
clofibrilate, gemfibrozil |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
combination drug..
simvastatin and
ezetimone(Zetia)- blocks chol absorption in stomach |
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|
Term
|
Definition
immunosupressant for preventing organ rejection
-blocks cell cycle at G1
-binds FKBP to prevent cell prolif |
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|
Term
|
Definition
anti-tumor agent
cell death (stop proliferating) |
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|
Term
| which has a longer half life...digitoxin or digoxin |
|
Definition
digitoxin- 4-7 days
(digoxin only 36-48 hr) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
binds antithrombin III, to prevent thrombin action
anticoagulant |
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|
Term
| drugs which directly inhibit thrombin |
|
Definition
-atran drugs
(melegatran)
anticoagulant |
|
|
Term
| drugs that inhibit clotting factors |
|
Definition
warfarin and dicumarol
inhib vit k dependent factors (2, 7, 9, 10) |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| inhibits clotting factor Xa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
tissue plasminogen activator
-breaks down thrombi
-can be synthesized for drug use |
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|
Term
| ASH drug which induces enzymes...which drugs are lowered |
|
Definition
barbituates
warfarin, digitoxin, and oral contraceptives |
|
|
Term
| what is the antagonist for barbituate overdose |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barbituate overdose = ... |
|
Definition
loss of protective reflexes
resp. dep. (response to CO2 decreases) |
|
|
Term
| benzodiazepine receptors and their function |
|
Definition
BZ1- works in sleep, causes drowsiness
BZ2- cognition/memory and anticonvulsants |
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|
Term
| why is midazolam preferred to valium |
|
Definition
no active metabolites
dissolvable in water (as opposed to prop glycol) |
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|
Term
| name 3 short acting benzos |
|
Definition
midazolam
triazolam
alprazolam (xanax) |
|
|
Term
| benzos are contraindicated (somewhat) with what condition |
|
Definition
narrow angle glaucoma
they possess mild anti-chol activity |
|
|
Term
2nd gen benzos have what functional group
what is the effect |
|
Definition
imidazole ring, and also halogens
increases potency/lipid solubility
resists drug to metabolism (eliminates active metabs)
ex: midaz-, triaz-, flumaz- |
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|
Term
| benzos do what to which NT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| result of benzodiazepine binding it's receptor |
|
Definition
influx of Cl- and HYPERpolarization of membrane
(BZ1, 2 receptor) |
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|
Term
| chloral hydrate metabolite |
|
Definition
tri-chloral-ethanol
-created rapidly, can cause vomit/nauseau |
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|
Term
|
Definition
seen with ASH drugs
can treat alcohol withdrawl with ASH drugs |
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|
Term
| What is the MAC of N2O, and what is this equivalent to |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is key with halogenated hydrocarbons... |
|
Definition
| the presence of halogen element increases lipid solubility ==> potency |
|
|
Term
| 2 quickest acting halogenated hydrocarbons |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| which injectable GA is given sub musc. not IV |
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| barbituates affect on analgesia |
|
Definition
| they actually may increase (hyperalgesia) |
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Term
|
Definition
dissociative anesthetic
typically doesn't depress resp. or CV |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fentanyl
and
droperidol (anti-emetic via anti-ach and anti-DA)
produces NEUROLEPTIC anesthesia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
anti-ACH + anti-DA = antiemetic
has it's own sedative effects too |
|
|
Term
| in the stages of anesthesia...at what stage does the BP/pulse actually increase, eye become dilated, and respiration increase? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the purpose of using atropine in GA regiment... |
|
Definition
| keep CV up (since other drugs may depress it) |
|
|
Term
| what is a desirable trait of anesthetic gases |
|
Definition
LOW blood solubility
-less gets dissovled = quick onset |
|
|
Term
| the lower the blood/gas partition coefficient or solubility... |
|
Definition
| the QUICKER the onset and offset |
|
|
Term
| ways to speed up onset of anesthetic gas? |
|
Definition
combine slow agent with fast agent (one with lower blood-gas coeff. usually N2O)
increase concentration |
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|
Term
| as lipid solubility increases, MAC... |
|
Definition
will go down..
it has an indirect relationship to potency/solubility |
|
|
Term
| whats the issue of using N2O with a COPD patient |
|
Definition
with COPD, breathing is stimulated by low O2 (and not high CO2 with normal pt.)...
so body won't breathe bc youre giving them enriched O2 |
|
|
Term
| GA gas(liquid) associated with malignant hyperthermia |
|
Definition
halothane
-treated with dantrolene, and ice water lavage |
|
|
Term
| which drug has replaced methohexital and thiopental in oral surgery offices... |
|
Definition
| propofol- a NON-barbituate...only 4-8 mins |
|
|
Term
| drugs which produces a state of neuroleptic anesthesia |
|
Definition
INNOVAR (fentanyl + droperidol)
...think brain surgery... |
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