Term
| How do cell wall synthesis inhibitors work? What 4 drug classes are cell wall synthesis inhibitors? |
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Definition
-inhibit the formation of cross-linkages in the peptidoglycan layers
-penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems (imipenem), monobactams (aztreonam) |
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Term
| What other drug classes are beta-lactams synergistic with? Why? |
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Definition
-aminoglycosides
-because the intracellular penetration of aminoglycosides is enhanced |
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Term
| What 5 drug classes are protein syntehsis inhibitors and how specifically do they work? |
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Definition
-Aminoglycosides and Tetracylcines bind to 30S
-Chloramphenicols, Macrolides, Lincosamides bind to 50S |
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Term
| What 5 classes of drugs are DNA synthesis inhibitors? What are their mechanisms of action? |
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Definition
-Fluoroquinolones: inhibit DNA gyrase
-Rifampin: inh DNA-dep RNAP
-Metronidazole: free radical derivatives in bacteria damage DNA
-Sulfonamides: inhibits folic acid metabolism
-Diaminopyrimidines: inhibits folic acid metabolism |
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Term
| How do sulfonamidea and diaminopyrimidine work together? |
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Definition
| -sequential inhibition of folic acid metabolism for a synergistic effect |
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Term
| Which bacteria are gram-positive aerobes? |
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Definition
| -Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Enterococcus, Corynebacterium, Listeria |
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Term
| Which bacteria are gram-positive anaerobes? |
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Definition
| -Clostridium, Peptostreptococcus |
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Term
| Which bacteria are gram-negative aerobes? |
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Definition
| -E. coli, Klebsiella, Serratia, Proteus, Enterobacter Pasteurella, Mannhaimia, Pseudomonas |
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Term
| Which bacteria are gram-negative anaerobes? |
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Definition
| -bacteroides, fusobacterium |
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Term
| Which bacteria are intracellular? |
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Definition
| -Ehrlichia, Anaplasma, Rickettsia, Chlamydia, Rhodococcus, Lawsonia |
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Term
| Which drugs work against gram-psotive bacteria? |
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Definition
| -Penicillin, Methicillin, 1st gen Cephalosporins, Macrolides, Lincosamides, Rifampin, Bacitracin |
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Term
| Which drugs are effective against gram-negative bacteria? |
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Definition
| -Aztronam, aminoglycosides, polymyxin B |
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Term
| Which drugs are broad spectrum? (gm + & -) |
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Definition
| -Aminopenicillins, 2nd gen Cephalosporins, 3rd gen Cephalosporins, Imipenum, Tetracyclines, Chloramphenicols, Macrolides, Fluoroquinolones, Potentiated sulfas, Nitrofurantoin, some combinations (penicllin + gentamicin) |
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Term
| What drugs work against Pseudomonas? |
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Definition
| -Ticarcillin, 3rd gen cephalosporins, imipenem, aztreonam, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, silver sulfadiazine, polymuxin B |
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Term
| What drugs work against gram neg anaerobes? |
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Definition
| -Clindamycin metronidazole, penicillins, cephalosporins, imipenems, chloramphenicols, macrolides, lincosamides, vancomycin, tetracyclines |
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Term
| Which drugs work against gram pos anaerobes? |
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Definition
| -penicillins, metronidazole, macrolides, vancomycin, tetracyclines, chloramphenicols |
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Term
| Which drugs are NOT effective against anaerobes? |
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Definition
| -aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Which drugs owkr against intracellular bacteria? |
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Definition
| -tetracyclines, chloramphenicol, florfenicol, erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin, tylosin, tilmicosin, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Are highly polar or highly lipid soluble more well-absorbed from GI tract? |
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Definition
| -not well-absorbed and not widely distributed and cannot enter into barrier restricted compartments |
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Term
| How are highly polar drugs eliminated? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| How are moderately lipophilic drugs excreted? Are they well distributed? |
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Definition
-some hepatic and renal excretion
-generally better absorbed from GI tract, more widely distributed throughout the body and barrier-restricted compartments |
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Term
| What are some examples of highly polar drugs? |
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Definition
| -Aminoglycosides, Bacitracin, Polymyxin B, Vancomycin |
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Term
| What are some examples of moderately polar drugs? |
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Definition
| -penicillins, 1st gen cephalosporins |
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Term
| What drugs are examples of moderately lipid soluble? |
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Definition
| -3rd gen cephalosporins, tetracyclines, lincosamides, sulfonamides, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| What drugs are examples of highly lipid soluble? |
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Definition
| -rifampin, chloramphenicol, doxycycline, macrolides |
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Term
| Which drugs are likely to distribute into barrier-restricted compartments? |
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Definition
| -Ceftazidime, Chloraphinicol, Doxycycline, Trimethoprim/sulfa, rifampin |
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Term
| Which drugs are readily likely to penetrate itno CNS/CSF? |
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Definition
| -potentiated sulphonamides (sulfadiazine), chloramphenicol, metronidazole, rifampin, ceftazidime (3rd gen), cefuroixme (2nd gen) |
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Term
| Does Florfenicol penetrate into the CNS/CSF? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Which drugs will only penetrate into CNS/CSF with inflammation? |
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Definition
| -Enrofloxacin, penicillin, 2nd and 3rd gen cephalosporins |
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Term
| Which drugs do not cross the blood brain barrier? |
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Definition
| -Aminoglycosides, 2st gen cephalosporins, tetracyclines |
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Term
| Which drugs are likely to be excreted intact in the urine? |
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Definition
| -beta-lactams, aminoglycosydes, tetracyclines, nitrofurantoin, polymyxin B, fluoroquinolones |
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Term
| Which antiiotics are likely to accumulate in acidic tissues like prostates and mammary tissues? |
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Definition
| -wak bases: Fluoroquinolones, potentiate sulphonamides, chloramphenicol, imipenem |
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Term
| Are agents that kill bacteria at concentrations (MBC) similar to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are drugs with a large difference between MBC and MIC bactericidal or bacteriostatic? |
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Definition
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Term
| Whic drug classes are time-dependent? What is the optimal dosing regimen? |
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Definition
-Beta-lactams, macrolides, lincosamides
-keep plasma concentrations > MIC for enter dosing interval |
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Term
| Which drug class is concentration dependent? What is the optimal dosing regimen? |
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Definition
-Aminoglycosides
-peak concentration should be 8-10 X MIC, keep trough low to minimize nephrotoxicity |
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Term
| Which drug classes are both concentration and time dependent? What is the optimal dosing regimen? |
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Definition
-Fluoroquinolones and tetracyclines
-peak concentration of 10X MIC or AUIC of 125 for FQ or AUIC of 40 for tetracyclines |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Penicillins? |
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Definition
| -wide therapeutic index: hypersensitivity, formulation reactions |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Cephalosporins? |
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Definition
| -Wide TI: hypersensitivity, GI disturbance |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of aminoglycosides? |
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Definition
| -Narrow TI: nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity, neuromuscular blockade |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of tetracyclines? |
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Definition
| -GI disturbance, discoloration of teeth, formulation-dependent reactions |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of chloramphenicols? |
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Definition
| -usually well-tolerated: bone marrow suppression (Esp humans) |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects macrolide/lincosamides? |
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Definition
| -species-specific GIT toxicity, Tilmicosin = cardiotoxicity |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones? |
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Definition
| -artropathies in growing animals, retinal degeneration in cats |
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|
Term
| What are the adverse effects of Rifampin? |
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Definition
| -wide TI: stain tears, salive, and urine red |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Metronidazole? |
|
Definition
| -carcinogenic/mutagenic, neuro dz, GI distress |
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Term
| What are the adverse effects of Trimethoprim/sulfa? |
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Definition
| -teratogenicity, keratoconjuncitivits sicca in odgs, GI distress |
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