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| Inhabit the intestinal tract of humans. They are normally nonpathogenic in the intestinal tract but are common pathogens in other parts of the body. |
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| Norma flora in the human intestine, but are also found in soil, food, water, and animals. Most infections occur in hospitalized patients, especially those in critical care units. |
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| Cause gastrointestinal problems ranging from mild diarrhea to severe bacillary dysentery. Humans, who seem to be the only hosts, become infected after ingestion of contaminated food or water. |
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| Organisms are found in infected people, water, milk, feces, and soil. They may cause hospital epidemics and produce drug-resistant strains. |
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| Normal in bowel flora, may infect the respiratory tract, urinary tract, bloodstream, burn wounds, and meninges, most often as opportunistic infections in debilitated persons. |
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| Anaerobic bacteria normally found in the digestive, respiratory, and genital tracts. They are the most common bacteria in the colon. |
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| Anaerobic bacteria normally found in the digestive, respiratory, and genital tracts. They are the most common bacteria in the colon. |
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| Common bacterial pathogens that cause pneumonia, sinusitus, otitis media, and meningitis. |
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| Organisms found in water, soil, skin, and intestines. Sources of infection include catherization of the urinary tract, trauma or procedures involving the brain or spinal cord, and contamination of respiratory ventilators. |
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| Part of the normal microbial flora of the skin and upper respiratory tract and also are common pathogens. |
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| Part of the normal microbial flora of the throat and nasopharynx in many healthy people. Infections are usually spread by inhalation of droplets from the upper respiratory tract of carriers or people with infections. |
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Definition
the study of drugs or chemicals that alter functions of living organisms
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of drugs to prevent, diagnose, or cure disease processes or relieve symptoms
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Drugs can be made from plants, animals, synthetics, semi-synthics, and biotechnology
synthetics = most drugs today, better quality and strength
semi-synthetics = antibiotics, modified naturally occurring substances
biotechnology = manipulating RNA & DNA and recombining genes
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Definition
classified by the body system the affect or by their therapeutic use
EX: morphine is classified as a CNS depressant OR a narcotic
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individual drugs that represent a group of drugs
Prototypes can be the first drug in the group, but not always; usually the standard to which newer, similar drugs are compared; some drug classifications don’t have a prototype and some prototypes are replaced over time with more commonly used drugs
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chemical or official name of the drug; written in lowercase
EX: Acetamenaphine or ibuprofen
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name designated & patented by the manufacturer; mostly know names by their brand
◦EX: ibuprofen = generic, advil = brand name
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Definition
can be placed on a drug once developed, protects manufacturing company for 7 years – they are the only ones who can sell and make money
After 7 years, other manufacturers can buy the drug and make money - when this happens, drug cost usually goes down
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Definition
| official standards and requirement for accurate labeling of the drug products |
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| Durham-Humphrey Amendment |
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Definition
STATES THAT THERE ARE designated drugs that must prescribed by a doctor and dispensed by a pharmacist
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| Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act, Title II, Controlled Substances Act, Categories of controlled substances |
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Definition
regulates distribution on narcotics and classified them by their usefulness & potential for abuse
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decreased taxes and competitions for manufacturers who produce drugs to treat selective serious disorders affecting relatively few people – gives incentive to produce drug for the small population
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| drugs that are not approved for medical use |
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| drugs that are approved for medical use, but have a very high potential for abuse/dependancy |
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drugs that are approved for medical use and have a moderate amount of potential for dependancy
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| drugs that are approved for medical use and have a low potential for abuse |
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| drugs that have a limited amount of abuse potential drugs in them |
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| Drugs that when used in error have bigger risk of causing significant harm |
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Definition
Act on specific target in bacterial cell wall
Inhibit wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Disrupt cell membrane
Inhibit reproduction
Inhibit cell metabolism or growth |
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Definition
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Definition
| inhibits cell growth, but does not kill |
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| will not respond to antibiotics |
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| developing an infection/disease among friends or in the community |
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| developing an infection/disease during a hospital stay |
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Targets Gram + bacteria
Amoxicillin - Brand
Ampicillin - Prototype
Use: strep, pneumococcal pneumonia, meningitis
Resistance: YES
Adverse reactions: anaphylaxis, rash, neurotoxicity (toxic to nervous system), GI symptoms
Do not take on an empty stomach |
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Definition
Broad Spectrum (targets gram -/+)
Bacteriostatic & Bactericidal
Inhibits cell wall synthesis
5 generations - from 1st to 5th, gram+ to gram-
Uses:surgical prophylaxis, UTI, penicillin resistant gonorrhea
Adverse effects: 1 in 4 people with PCN allergy have an allergy to cephalosporins, GI symptoms
Take most with food |
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Definition
Broad spectrum
KILLS bacteria (bactericidal)
inhibits cell wall synthesis
imipenem cilastatin (Primaxin) - IV med
Use: staph, ecoli
Adverse: drug induced seizure
Cross sensitivity with PCN? YES |
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Term
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Definition
Targets Gram-
Bactericidals (KILLS bacteria)
Inhibits protein synthesis
tobramycin (Nebcin)
gentamicin (Garamycin) - IM, IV - treats meningitis and endocarditis
USE: serious gram - infections, can be given with active resistant TB
Adverse: hearing and kidney damage
Blood level tests necessary |
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Definition
Broad spectrum bacteriostatic (inhibits cell growth)
USE: H Pylori (bacteria found in GI tract), chlamydia, PID (pelvic inflammatory disease), acne, syphilis
Adverse: GI symptoms, rash, yellowing teeth in children 8 years and under, kidney failure
Can be used for patients allergic to PCN |
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Definition
inhibit bacteria
Sulfa drug which is one of the oldest antibiotics (lots of resistance)
Manufacturers will not combnine sulfa drugs with other antibiotics to create a stronger drug that will be more effective
EX: trimethprim/sulfamethoxazole (Bactrim)
USE: UTI
Adverse: N/V/D, allergic reaction |
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| Phenazopyridine (Pyridium) |
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Definition
NOT an antibiotic - treats the burning sensation that comes with a UTI
Will turn urine a red orange color |
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| silver sulfadiazine (Silvadene) |
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Definition
topical ointment for burns
can't be used if allergic to sulfa |
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Definition
bactericidal (KILLS), interferes w/ enzymes required for DNA synthesis
ciprofloxacin (Cipro)
USE: respiratory infections, GI & GU infections
Adverse: GI, sensitivity to light, tendon rupture (60+)
take with food |
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Definition
Bacteriostatic (is bactericidal in large doses)
Inhibits protein synthesis
erythtomycin (E-mycin) - used less often (resistance and compliance)
azithromycin (Zithromax) - popular (1 pill a day/5 days)
USE: strep, staph, gonorrhea, chlamydia, URI (upper respiratory infection)
Adverse: GI issues |
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Definition
Gram +
Use: severe infections, MRSA
IV Drug (but given by mouth for CDiff)
Adverse: red man syndrome (when drug is given too rapidly), hearing loss, toxic to kidneys |
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Definition
Use: anaerobic organisms in intraabdominal and GYN infections, trichomoniasis
Given: PO and IV
NO Alcohol
Adverse: dizziness, headache, GI, metallic taste |
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Definition
treatment and prevention for TB
Combination of this drug with the following three are sometime necesarry
rifampin (Rifadin)
pyrazinamide (Tebrazid)
ethambutol (Myabutol)
DO NOT USE if patient has liver or kidny impairments
Take with food, stick to regime, NO alcohol |
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Definition
can treat Influenza A or B, but only for a person who has had symptoms for 2 days or less
Adverse: bronchospasms |
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Definition
Use: genital herpes, herpes simplex
Not a curative, decreases lesions and pain
IV, PO or topical |
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| Nucleoside Reverse Transciptase Inhibitors (NRTI) |
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Definition
zidovudine (AZT)
How it works: RNA molecules are normally synthesized from DNA molecules, with HIV the DNA molecules are synthesized from RNA molecules. AZT inhibits that process. |
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| Non-nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors (NNRTI) |
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Definition
efavirenz (Sustiva)
How it works: block the reverse transcriptase enzyme that prevent uninfected cells from becoming infected |
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Definition
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Definition
enfuvirtide (Fuzeon)
How It works: suppress the fusion process where the virus attacks to the outer membrane of the T cell before entering in the cell and replication on the virus |
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Definition
Treatment
2 NRTIs and NNRTI or PI
Missing doses – increases resistance
Patient Education: relieve symptoms, prevent transmission, regular blood tests (viral loads (the amounto f virus in the body), CD4 (white blood cells that are part of the immune system – depleted in someone with HIV , CBCs)
Side effects: fatigue, anemia, NVD, weight loss
Suppresses disease, not cure, can still be transmitted |
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Term
| amphotericin B (Fungizone) |
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Definition
Antifungal - disrupts the bacterial cell membrane
Adverse: Nephrotoxic (temporary), severe chilling, Headache, Nausea/Vomiting, generalized pain
Patient will often be pre-treated for adverse effects |
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Definition
| Troche (lozange) form for oral candidiasis (infection of the mouth) |
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| PO or IV - for vaginal infections |
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| topical or PO - for nail fungus |
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Definition
What is a parasite? a living organism that survives on another living organism
permethrin (Nix)
Head lice, pediculosis
Itch mite – scabies
mebendazole (Vermox)
Pin worms - enterobiasis |
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