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Pharm 309 Quiz 3
Key Concepts
13
Nursing
Professional
07/16/2010

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Cards

Term

Factors affecting drug absorption AND How these affect absorption

 

R S B L P

 

Definition

ü  Rate of dissolution 

o   Faster it dissolves the faster it is absorbed

o   Liquids tend to be absorbed faster than the solid form

o   Suspensions - Preparations of solid drug suspended in some liq will go into solution much faster

ü  SA:  larger the SA, faster it is absorbed (ie micro villi)

ü  Blood flow:   Increased blood flow, increases abs b/c it determines rate it is delivered to a tissue

ü  Lipid solubility

o   Lipid-soluble drugs are more quickly absorbed b/c they can readily cross the membranes that separate them from the blood

ü  pH of environment

o   absorption is enhanced when the difference between the pH plasma & the pH SOA is so the drug molecules will have a greater tendency to be ionized in the plasma

§   Will be pass into cells at SOA, but not be able to pass into cells in plasma.

o   Acids -> ionize in alkaline media, looses H à (-) | Bases -> ionize in acidic media, gains H è (+)

ü  Drug is dependent upon the chemical properties of the drug

 

Term

Polar vs nonpolar; ionized vs non-ionized & relationship to mvmt across cell 

Definition

 

ü  Ionized – polar (electrically charged) – do NOT diffuse easily across lipid membranes

ü  Non-ionized – nonpolar – are soluble in lipids and are easily absorbed across lipid membranes

Term

Effect of pH on drug movement across cell membranes

Definition

Drugs molecules accumulate on the side of a cell membrane that favors ionization b/c it cannot pass through cell; (ion trapping) acidic side of a membrane do not allow alkaline drugs b/c they are ionized and visa versa --- ie basic drug not absorbed in acidic stomach

Term

Clinical use of manipulation of pH to affect pharmacokinetic processes

Definition

Some meds can alter the environment of the kidneys to prevent absorption or increase absorption. 

Term

Factors influencing distribution

"Think Plasma Protien"

 

Definition


ü  Plasma Protein binding

o   Non specific

o   Bound vs free drug (binding is reversible & alters amt of free drug to be distributed)

o   Displacement (by drug that have a higher affinity)/ relative binding

Clinical implications of protein binding

ü  Pt w/ hypoalbuminemia – experience more response from a drug

ü  Must be conscious of relative binding affinity of a drug. Primary drug can be displaced by a secondary drug with higher affinity, increasing amt of primary drug in the blood

 

Term

 

5 consequences of drug metabolism 

(PETIT)

Definition

1.     Accelerated drug excretion (we change the drugs lipid solubility à polarity – so when drug gets to kidney it can’t be reabsorbed across the membrane and must get excreted out) 

2.     Drug Inactivation – active drugs may transform into inactive form

3.     Increased Therapeutic Action – drug transforms into more effective form (codine à Morphine)

4.     Activation of Prodrugs – inactive drug metabolized into active drug (may protect from 1st  pass)

5.     Toxicity Variations – drug metabolized into inactive TOXIC form

Term

Role of lipid solubility (& water solubility) in metabolism and excretion

Definition

ü  Increase in water solubility, decrease in lipid solubility, more easily excreted in urine

Term

Enzyme induction

Definition

Increase metabolic enzyme production \ greater metabolism of other drugs &/or themselves

o   Drug tolerance: (form of enzyme induction) it can be produced by enzyme induction - decreased response to a particular drug dose

Term
MEAD (again)
Definition

 

ü  Drug absorption – (mvmt of a drug from  SOA into the blood) Rate effects how soon effects begin.

ü  Drug distribution (how it circulates)

ü  Drug Metabolism (how is it broken down)

ü  Drug Excretion (how body rids itself of the drug)

 

Term

Drug excretion in the kidney 

Glomerular Filtration (1)

Definition

ü  Filtration moves unbound drugs from blood to urine

ü  Protein-bound drugs are not filtered and stay in the blood

Term

 

Drug excretion in the kidney 

Tubular Reabsorption (2)

 

 

Definition

ü  Lipid soluble drugs move back into the blood.

ü  Polar and ionized drugs remain in the urine

ü  ionization depends upon the pH - change in pH of the urine will affect drug excretion

o   Ie.. ASA in acidic urine is non-ionized & reabsorbed; to rid ASA give NaHC03

o   Ie… Cranberry juice make urine acidic, and would help us excrete basic drug

 

Term

Drug excretion in the kidney 

Active Tubular Secretion (3)

Definition

ü  There are active transport systems in the kidney tubule that pump drugs from the blood to the tubular urine. 2 sets of pumps (1 for organic acids & 1 for organic bases)

ü  Tubule cells also contain P-glycoprotien, which can pump a variety of drug into urine

o   Ie: probenecid jams up pumps that would excrete penecillin ® it competes with penicillin\ may be administered  together to ­ blood penicillin levels 

Term

 Essential Info on a MAR

Definition

ü  Dates

ü  Med Info (pt name, dose, route, frequency)

ü  Initials

ü  Special instructions

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